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PASSAGE TWO
(1) The Nobels are the originals, of course. Alfred Nobel, the man who
invented deadly explosives,decided to try and do something good with all the
money he earned, and gave prizes to people who made progress in literature,
science, economics and —perhaps most importantly —peace.
(2) Not all rewards are as noble as the Nobels. Even though most countries
have a system ofrecognizing, honoring and rewarding people who have done
something good in their countries, there are now hundreds of awards and award
ceremonies for all kinds of things.
(3)The Oscars are probably the most famous, a time for the (mostly)American
film industry to tell itself how good it is and an annual opportunity for lots
of big stars to give each other awards and make tearful speeches. As well as
that there are also the Golden Globes, evidently for the same thing.
(4) But it’ s not only f ilms---there are also Grammies, Brits, the Mercury
Prize and the MTV for music. In Britain, a writer who wins the Booker Prize can
expect to see their difficult, literary novel hit the bestseller lists and
compete with the Da Vinci Code for popularity. The Turner Prize is an award for
British contemporary artists —each year it causes controversy by apparently
giving lots of money to artists who do things like displaying their beds,
putting animals in glass cases or— this year— building a garden shed.
(5) Award s don ’ t only exist for arts. There are now awards for Sports
Personality ofthe Year, for European Footballer of the Year and World Footballer
of the Year. This seems very strange— sometimes awards can be good to give
recognition to people who deserve it, or to helppeople who don’ t make a lot of
money carry on their work without worrying about finances, but professional
soccer players these days certainly aren’ t short of cash!
(6) Many small towns and communities all over the world also have their own
award ceremonies, for local writers or artists, or just for people who have
graduated from high school or, got a university degree. Even the British Council
has its own awards for “ Innovation in English Language Teaching”.
(7) Why have all these awards and ceremonies appeared recently? Shakespeare
never won a prize, nor did Leonardo Da Vinci or Adam Smith or Charles
Dickens.
(8) It would be possible to say, however, that in the past, scientists and
artists couldwin “patronage form rich people”—a king or a lord would give the
artists or scientists money to have them paint their palaces or help them
develop new ways of making money. With the change in social systems across the
world, this no longer happens. A lot of scientific research is now either funded
by the state or by private companies.
(9)Perhaps award ceremonies are just the most recent phase of this
process.
(10) However, there is more to it than that. When a film wins an Oscar, many
more people will go and see it, or buy the DVD. When a writer wins the Nobel
Prize, many more people buy their books. When a group wins the MTV awards, the
ceremony is seen by hundreds of thousands of people across the world. The
result?The group sells lots more records. (11) Most award ceremonies are now
sponsored by big organizations or companies. This means that it is not only the
person who wins the award who benefits---but also the sponsors. The MTV awards,
for example, are great for publicizing not only music, but also MTV itself!
(12) On the surface, it seems to be a “ Win -win ”situation, with everyone
being happy, but let me ask you a question—how far do you think that publicity
and marketing are winning here, and how much genuine recognition of achievement
is taking place?
1. What is the author ’s tone when he mentions awards such as the Oscars,
the Golden Globes and
Grammies (Paras. 3 & 4)
A. Amused.
B. Appreciative.
C. Sarcastic.
D. Serious.
2. According to Para. 4, what would happen to award winning writers?
A. They would enjoy a much larger readership.
B. They would turn to popular novel writing.
C. They would continue non-fiction writing.
D. They would try controversial forms of art.
3. Which of the following statements best sums up Para. 6?
A. Awards ceremonies are held for local people.
B. Awards ceremonies are held on important occasions.
C. Awards ceremonies are held in certain professions.
D. Awards ceremonies are held for all sorts of reasons.
4. According to Para. 8, one difference between scientists and artists in
the past and those at present
lies in_____________.
A. nature of work
B. personal contact
C. source of funding
D. social status
5. It can be concluded from Para. 12 that the author thinks awards
________.
A. promote market rather than achievements
B. do good to both market and popularity
C. help those who are really talented
D. are effective in making people popular
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PART V READING COMPREHENSION
PASSAGE ONE
(1) The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish
colonies that were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to
escape the controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches, noblemen and
aristocrats. The historic decisions made by those first settlers have had a profound effect on the
shaping of the American
character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and
eliminating a formal aristocracy, they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the
individual. Individual freedom is probably the most basic of all the American values. By freedom,
Americans mean the desire and the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny
without outside interference from the government, a ruling noble class, the church, or any other organized
authority.
(2) There is, however, a price to be paid for this individual
freedom: self-reliance. It means that Americans believe they should stand on their own feet, achieving both
financial and emotional independence from their parents as early as possible, usually by age 18 or
21.
(3) A second important reason why immigrants have traditionally been drawn to
the United States is the belief that everyone has a equal chance to enter a race and
succeed in the game. Because titles of nobility were forbidden in the Constitution, no formal class system
developed in the U.S.
(4) There is, however, a price to be paid for this equality of opportunity:
competition. If much of life is seen as race, then a person must run the race in order to succeed;
a person must compete with others. The pressures of competition in the life of an American begin in
childhood and continue until retirement from work. In fact, any group of people who does not compete
successfully does not fit
into the mainstream of American life as well as those who do.
(5) A third reason why immigrants have traditionally come to the United
States is to have a better life. Because of its abundant natural resources, the United States
appeared to be a “land of plenty where millions could come to seek their fortunes. The phrase “going
from rags to riches” became a slogan for the American dream. Many people did achieve material
success. Material wealth became a value to the American people, and it also became an accepted measure
of social status.
(6) Americans pay a price, however, for their material wealth: hard work.
Hard work has been both necessary and rewarding for most Americans throughout their history. In some ways, material possessions are seen as evidence of people’s abilities. Barry Goldwater, a
candidate for the presidencyin 1964, said that most poor people are poor because they deserve to be. Most
Americans would find
this a harsh statement, but many might think there was some truth in it.
(7) These basic values do not tell the whole story of the American character.
Rather, they should be thought of as themes, as we continue to explore more facets of the
American character and how it affects life in the United States.
1. Para.4 seems to suggest that __________.
A. Americans are born with a sense of competition
B. the pressure of competition begins when one starts work
C. successful competition is essential in American society
D. competition results in equality of opportunities
2. Which of the following methods does the author mainly use in explaining
American values?
A. Comparison
D. Cause and effect
C. Definition
D. Process analysis
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Writing:
In China, to restore lost property to its original owner is regarded as one
of the most cherished virtues. However, the draft property rights law stipulates
that property Owners should pay some money to the one who returns the property.
Is it a deviation from traditional values? Write a composition of about 400
words to state your view.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
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Writing：
The 76th Annual Academy Awards attracted the attention o{an unprecedented
number of Chinese thanks to complete live TV coverage. However, except for
Couching Tiger Hidden Dragon, directed by Taiwanese filmmaker An Lee, no other
Chinese film has even been nominated for an Oscar award. Should our domestic
films aim at this Hollywood award or is it someone else's game? Write a
composition of about 400 words to state your view.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
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Writing:
A statement goes that "both the development of technological tools and the
uses to which humanity has put them have created modern civilizations in which
loneliness is ever increasing." To what degree do you agree with this statement?
Write an essay of about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
Some people claim that, in the age of television, reading books is not as
important as it once was and that people can learn as much by watching
television as they can by reading books. Do you agree or disagree with this
statement? Write an essay of about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
The present world witnesses invention and use of various robots, some of whom
even can play games with human and defeat the latter. Such being the case, many
are worried that robots will surpass human beings in intelligence and enslave
them, while others believe that the human mind will always be superior to
machines because machines are only tools of human minds. What is your opinion?
Write an essay of about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
“Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them”.
To what degree do you agree with this statement? Write an essay of about 400
words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
Nowadays a lot of Chinese celebrate Western festivals. Some people are afraid
that this would lead to the loss of Chinese culture. What do you think? Write an
essay of about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing：
A statement goes that “only through mistakes can there be discovery or
progress”. To what degree do you agree with this statement? Write an essay of
about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing：
Piracy is still a serious problem in China. Write a composition of about 400
words to state your view.
-
Writing：
An old saying goes “hast makes waste”. Write a composition of about 400 words
to state your view on it.
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As Gilbert White，Darwin ， and others observed long ago， all species appear to
have theinnate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation.
The task forecologistsis to untangle the environmentaand biologicalfactorsthat
hold this intrinsiccapacity for population growth in check over the long run.
The great variety of dynamicbehaviorsexhibitedby differentpopulationmakes
thistaskmore difficult：sompopulations remain roughly constant from year to year;
others exhibit regular cycles ofabundance and scarcity; still others vary
wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that arein some cases plainly correlated with
the weather， and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscopeof
patterns ， one school of thought proposesdividing populations into two groups.
These ecologists posit that the relatively steadypopulations
havedensity-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates ofbirth ， death ，and
migrationwhich depend strongly on population density. The highly varying
populationshave density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted
by environmentalevents ;these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly
independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause
problems if taken too literally. Forone thing ， no population can be driven
entirely by density-independent factors all thetime. No matter how severely or
unpredictably birth， death ， and migration rates may befluctuatingaround
theirlong-termaverages ， ifthere were no density-dependenteffects ，the
populationwould ， in the long run ， eitherincrease or decrease without bound
(barringa miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly)。 Put another way，
it may be thaton average 99 percent of all deaths in a populationarise from
density-independentcauses ，and only one percent from factors varying with
density.The factorsmaking up the one percentmay seem unimportant， and their
cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet，whether recognized or not，
they will usually determine the long-term average populationdensity.In order to
understand the nature of theecologist ’s investigation， we may think ofthe
density-dependent effectson growth parameters as the signal ecologists are
trying toisolateand interpret， one that tends to make the population increase
from relativelylowvalues or decrease from relatively high ones， while the
density-independent effects actto produce noise in the populationdynamics.For
populationsthatremain relativelyconstant ， or that oscillate around repeated
cycles， the signal can be fairly easilycharacterized and its effects described，
even though the causative biological mechanismmay remain unknown. For
irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have toofew observations
to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise.But it now
seems clear that all populationsare regulatedby a mixture of
density-dependentand density-independent effects in varying proportions.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with
[A] Discussing two categories of factorsthat controlpopulationgrowth and
assessingtheir relative importance.
[B] Describinghow growth ratesin naturalpopulationsfluctuateover time
andexplaining why these changes occur.
[C] Proposing a hypothesisconcerning population size and suggesting ways to
test it.
[D] Posing a fundamental question about environmentalfactorsin
populationgrowth andpresenting some currently accepted answer.
2. It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy
discussedto be
[A] Applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations.
[B] instrumental， but only if its limitations are recognized.
[C] Dangerously misleading in most circumstances.
[D] A complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena.
3.to the text ， allof the followingbehaviors have been exhibitedby
differentpopulations EXCEPT
[A] Roughly constant population levels from year to year.
[B] Regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers.
[C] Erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather.
[D] Unchecked increases in numbers over many generations.
4. The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves
primarily to
[A] Demonstrate the difficultiesecologistsface in studying
density-dependentfactorslimiting population growth.
[B] Advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population
growth.
[C] Prove that the death rates of any populationare never
entirelydensity-independent.
[D] underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in
regulatinglong-term population densities.
5. In the text， the author does all of the following EXCEPT
[A] Cite the views of other biologists.
[B] Define a basic problem that the text addresses.
[C] Present conceptual categories used by other biologists.
[D] Describe the results of a particular study.
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Bernard Bailyn has recentlyreinterpretedthe early historyof the United States
by applyingnew socialresearchfindingson theexperiencesofEuropean
migrants.Inhisreinterpretation,migrationbecomes the organizingprinciplefor
rewritingthe historyofpreindustrial North America. His approach rests on four
separate propositions.The firstof these asserts that residentsof early modern
England moved regularlyabouttheir countryside; migrating to the New World was
simply a natural spillover. Although atfirstthe colonies held
littlepositiveattractionfor the English D they would rather havestayed home D by
the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America becausethey
regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to
thenotion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a
typical NewWorld community.For example, the economic and demographiccharacterof
early New Englandtowns varied considerably.Bailyn's third proposition suggest
two general patterns prevailing among the manythousands of migrants:one group
came as indenturedservants,another came to acquire land.Surprisingly,Bailyn
suggests that those who recruitedindentured servants were the drivingforces of
transatlanticmigration.These colonialentrepreneurshelped determine the
socialcharacterof people who came to preindustrialNorth America.At
first,thousands ofunskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's, however,
American employers demandedskilled artisans.Finally, Bailyn argues that the
colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of theEuropean culture system. He is
undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were partof an Anglo-American
empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonialperiphery, as
Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, asBailyn
claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But
whatof seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective
laws, built adistinguished university, and published books Bailyn might respond
that New England wasexceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed
by New England Puritans hadpowerful effects on North American culture.Although
Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indenturedservantswho
migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with
thepolitical development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work
suggests howwe might make such a connection. These indentured servants were
treated as slaves for theperiod during which they had sold their time to
American employers. It is not surprisingthat as soon as they served their time
they passed up good wages in the cities and headedwest to ensure theirpersonal
independence by acquiringland. Thus, it is in the west thata peculiarly American
political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious ofauthority and
intensely anti-aristocratic.
1.Which of the followingstatements about migrants to colonialNorth America is
supportedby information in the text
[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as
indenturedservants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more
successful atmaking a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
[C] Migrants to colonialNorth America were more successfulat acquiringtheir
own landduring the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.
[D] By the 1730's,migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by
Americanemployers than were unskilled laborers.
2.The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to
[A] Give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of
thecolonies and England.
[B] Describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved
theirculture in the United States.
[C] Take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who
migrated tocolonial North America specifically to acquire land.
[D] Relate the experience of the migrants to the politicalvalues that
eventuallyshapedthe character of the United States.
3.Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's
fourthproposition
[A] It is totally implausible.
[B] It is partially acceptable.
[C] It is highly admirable.
[D] It is controversial though persuasive.
4.According to the text,Bailyn and the author agree on which of the
followingstatementsabout the culture of colonial New England
[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of
England.
[B] The culturalachievements of colonialNew England have generallybeen
unrecognizedby historians.
[C] The colonistsimitatedthe high cultureof England ， and did not develop a
culturethat was uniquely their own.
[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New
England.
5.The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the
followingstatements about Bailyn's work
[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American
culture.
[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great
Britain.
[C] Bailyn'sdescriptionof thecoloniesas part of an Anglo-American empireis
misleading and incorrect.
[D] Bailyn failedto test his propositionson a specificgroup of migrants to
colonialNorth America.
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Roger Rosenblatt ’s book Black Fiction,in attemptingto apply
literaryratherthansociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters
the approach taken by mostprevious studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of
Black writing has often served as apretextfor expounding on Black
history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judgesthe value of Black
fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according tothe notions
of Black identity which it propounds.Although fictionassuredly springs from
politicalcircumstances ，its authors react tothose circumstances in ways other
than ideological, and talking about novels and storiesprimarilyas instrumentsof
ideologycircumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt ’s
literaryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesand connections among works of Blackfiction
which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable
criticism ofBlack fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a
number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the
facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authorsSecond,
how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which
it islargely contemporaneous Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a
distinct bodyof writingthat has an identifiable， coherent
literarytradition.Looking at novels writtenby Black over the last eighty years,
he discovers recurringconcerns and designs independentof chronology. These
structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from thecentralfact
that the Black charactersin these novels exist in a predominantlywhite
culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black
Fictiondoes leave some aestheticquestions open. Rosenblatt ’s thematic
analysispermits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is
not his intentionto judge the merit of the various works D yet his reluctance
seems misplaced, especiallysince an attempt to appraise might have led to
interesting results. For instance, some ofthe novels appear to be
structurallydiffuse.Is this a defect,or are the authors workingout of, or trying
to forge, a different kind of aesthetic In addition, the style of someBlack
novels, like JeanToomey’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does
thistechnique provide a counterpointto the prevalenttheme that portrays the fate
against whichBlack heroes are pitted,a theme usuallyconveyed by more
naturalisticmodes of expressionIn spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does
include in his discussion makes foran astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction
surveys a wide variety of novels, bringingto our attention in the process some
fascinating and little-known works like James WeldonJohnson’s Autobiography of
an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, andits forthright, lucid
style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________.
[A] Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B] Comparing various
critical approaches to a subject.
[C] Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.
[D] Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.
2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been
improved hadRosenblatt __________.
[A] Evaluated more carefully the ideological andhistoricalaspects of Black
fiction.
[B] Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by
Blackauthors.
[C] Explorein greaterdetailthe recurrentthematicconcerns of Black
fictionthroughout its history.
[D] Assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes
thematically.
3.author ’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as
__________.
[A] Pedantic and contentious.
[B] Critical but admiring.
[C] Ironic and deprecating.
[D] Argumentative but unfocused.author of the text employs all of the
following in the discussion ofRosenblatt ’s
4.book EXCEPT： __________.
[A] Rhetorical questions.
[B] Specific examples.
[C] Comparison and contrast.
[D] Definition of terms.
5. The author of the text refers to James WeldonJohnson’s Autobiography of
anEx-Colored Man most probably in order to __________.
[A] point out affinitiesbetween Rosenblatt ’s method of thematic analysis and
earliercriticism.
[B] Clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the
passage.
[C] Qualify the assessment ofRosenblatt ’s book made in the first paragraph
of thepassage.
[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments ofRosenblatt ’s
work.
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The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the
classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem,
formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and
only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day
tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed
intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal
with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise ; and to integrate action
into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have
recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general,
however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as
the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals
that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use
intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a
problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned
behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is
based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build
skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bitsm of data
and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth,
some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.
Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and
tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are
occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to
their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition
to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution.
Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in
which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the
intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from
acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and
explain it, they frequently act first and explain later.Analysis is inextricably
tiedto actionin thinking/actingcycles,in which managers develop thoughtsabout
theircompanies and organizations not by analyzing aproblematic situation and
then acting, butby acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great
uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, seniormanagers
often instigatea course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They
thenuse the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of
the issue. Oneimplicationof thinking/actingcycles is that action is often part
of definingthe problem,not just of implementing the solution.
1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the
following ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management
mentionedin line 1, paragraph 2
[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational
model ofdecision analysis.
[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficientlylarge sample of
actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather
than onwhat managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business
decisions.
3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most
probablybe one major differencein behavior between Manager X, who uses
intuitionto reach decisions,and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision
analysis
[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
[B] Manager X checks possiblesolutions toa problem by systematicanalysis ;
ManagerY does not.
[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem;
ManagerY does not.
[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creatinga solutionto a
problem ;Manager X does not.
4. The text provides support for which of the following statements
[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on
formaldecision analysis.
[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical
skills.
[D] Intuitionenables managers to employ theirpracticalexperience more
efficiently.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first
paragraph of the text
[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
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California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical
land feature ， sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found
within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to
one another. People living in Bakersfield ， for instance，can visit the Pacific
Ocean and the coastal plain ， the fertile San Joaquin Valley ， the arid Mojave
Desert ， and the high Sierra Nevada， all within a radius of about 100 miles. In
other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the
evening of the same day ， without having to travel long distance. Contrast
abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska )
is in California ， and so is the lowest point (including Alaska )。 Mount Whitney
， 14，494 feet above sea level，is separated from Death Valley ， 282 feet below
sea level，by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in
altitude of almost three miles. California has deep ， clear mountain lakes like
Lake Tahoe ， the deepest in the country， but it also has shallow， salty desert
lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo ， 12，020 feet above sea level， and the lowest lake
in the country ， the Salton Sea， 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes ，
like Owens Lake in Death Valley ， are not lakes at all： they are dried up lake
beds. In addition to mountains ，lakes， valleys，deserts， and plateaus，California
has its Pacific coastline， stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and
Washington combined.
1. Which of the following is the lowest point in the United States?
A. Lake Tulainyo B. Mojave desert C. Death Valley D. The Salton Sea
2. Where is the highest point in the United States located ?
A. Lake Tahoe.
B. Sierra Nevada. C. Mount Whitney.
D. Alaska.
3. How far away is Death Valley from Mount Whitney?
A. About 3 miles.
D. 14，494 feet.
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being within a
radius ofabout 100 miles of Bakersfield ?
A. The Pacific Ocean.
B. San Joaquin Valley.
C. Mojave Desert.
D. Oregon andWashington.
5. Which statement best demonstrates that California is a land of variety and
contrast ?
A. The highest lake in California is Lake Tulainyo.
B. It is possible to go surfing and snow skiing in some parts of California
without having totravel long distance.
C. Sierra Nevada， San Joaquin Valley， Mojave Desert and the Pacific Ocean all
lie withina radius of about 100 miles.
D. Owens Lake ， in Death Valley ， is not really a lake at all.
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The tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going ， you'd expect
greater understanding o develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of
it ! Superb systems of communication by air， sea and land make it possible for
us to visit each other's countries at a moderate cost. What was once the 'grand
tour' ， reserved for only the very rich ， is now within everybody's grasp ?
The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern
travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in
the old days couldn't have dreamed of. But what's the sense of this mass
exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of
each other?
Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of
affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much
contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted，
sheltered life. He lives at international hotels ， where he eats his
international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the
natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully
censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see
and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off
on his own ; and anyway， language is always a barrier， so he is only too happy
to be protected in this way. At its very worst ， this leads to a new and hideous
kind of colonization.
The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire ： are
temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at
Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella， but fish and chips. The
sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national
stereotypes. We don't see the people of other nations as they really are， but as
we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself.
Take five nationalities ， say， French， German， English， American and Italian.
Now in your mind， match them with these five adjectives ： musical， amorous，
cold， pedantic， native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national
characteristics of the peoples just mentioned ， these adjectives actually act as
barriers. So when you set out on your travels， the only characteristics you
notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the
highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that ， say，'Anglo-Saxons are
hypocrites' of that 'Latin peoples shout a lot'. You only have to make a few
foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful national stereotypes are.
But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to
prevent you ? Carried to an extreme， stereotypes can be positively dangerous.
Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact 〞how
trite it sounds ! 每 That all people are human. We are all similar to each other
and at the same time all unique.
1. The best title for this passage is
[A] Tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between
nations.
[B] Tourism is tiresome.
[C] Conducted tour is dull.
[D] Tourism really does something to one's country.
2. What is the author's attitude toward tourism ?
[A] apprehensive. [B]negative. [C] critical. [D] appreciative.
3. Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people shout a
lot?
[A] silent. [B] noisy. [C] lively. [D] active.
4. The purpose of the author's criticism is to point out
[A] conducted tour is disappointing.
[B]the way of touring should be changed.
[C] when traveling ， you notice characteristics which confirm
preconception.
[D] national stereotypes should be changed.
5. What is 'grand tour' now ?
[A] moderate cost.
[B]local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.
[C] people enjoy the first-rate comforts.
[D] everybody can enjoy the 'grand tour'
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In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to
cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that
when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear
collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically
unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious
documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not
learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer
horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to
light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and
wonder what hit us. The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie
are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted
and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently
outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent
acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums
and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and
employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our
strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its
wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the
ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from
constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine
and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the
framework of the law. Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful
co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other's problems. And to
do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in
exchanging information. "Talk, talk, talk," the advocates of violence say, "all
you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser." It's rather like the story of
the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After
listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk,
he was none the wiser. "Possible, my lord," the barrister replied, "none the
wiser, but surely far better informed." Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite
to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to
solve.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
[A] Advocating Violence.
[B] Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.
[C] Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.
[D] The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.
2. Recorded history has taught us
[A] violence never solves anything. [B] nothing. [C] the bloodshed means
nothing. [D]everything.
3. It can be inferred that truly reasonable men
[A] can't get a hearing.
[B] are looked down upon.
[C] are persecuted.
[D] Have difficulty in
advocating law enforcement.
4. "He was none the wiser" means
[A] he was not at all wise in listening.
[B] He was not at all wiser than nothing before.
[C] He gains nothing after listening.
[D] He makes no sense of the argument.
5. According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is
[A] law enforcement. [B] knowledge. [C] nonviolence. [D] Mopping up the
violent mess.
-
汉译英;但是正如其他许多已经发生过的事情一样，当他们最终结婚后， 发现最憧憬的生活变得再实际不过了。他们非但没有分担各自原先的责任--- 正如那些学生们所说 " 一半一半 " ，相反却发现生活的重担加倍了。 这使得我们那两个结婚的朋友时常觉得沮丧;他们突然发现自己并没有过着天堂般的生活而是仍实实在在地生活在地球上，而且成为了新规则和新约束的奴隶。生活并没有比以前更自由、更幸福，因为他们要去承担新的责任。 既然成立了一个新的家庭， 那就无论如何也要尽一点家庭的义务。 他们深情地回想起订婚的那段时光， 曾经如此地渴望拥有彼此而忘掉这个世界，然而现在最深切的感受却是自己仍是这个世界的一份子。
-
PASSAGE TWO
(1) The Nobels are the originals, of course. Alfred Nobel, the man who
invented deadly explosives,decided to try and do something good with all the
money he earned, and gave prizes to people who made progress in literature,
science, economics and —perhaps most importantly —peace.
(2) Not all rewards are as noble as the Nobels. Even though most countries
have a system ofrecognizing, honoring and rewarding people who have done
something good in their countries, there are now hundreds of awards and award
ceremonies for all kinds of things.
(3)The Oscars are probably the most famous, a time for the (mostly)American
film industry to tell itself how good it is and an annual opportunity for lots
of big stars to give each other awards and make tearful speeches. As well as
that there are also the Golden Globes, evidently for the same thing.
(4) But it’ s not only f ilms---there are also Grammies, Brits, the Mercury
Prize and the MTV for music. In Britain, a writer who wins the Booker Prize can
expect to see their difficult, literary novel hit the bestseller lists and
compete with the Da Vinci Code for popularity. The Turner Prize is an award for
British contemporary artists —each year it causes controversy by apparently
giving lots of money to artists who do things like displaying their beds,
putting animals in glass cases or— this year— building a garden shed.
(5) Award s don ’ t only exist for arts. There are now awards for Sports
Personality ofthe Year, for European Footballer of the Year and World Footballer
of the Year. This seems very strange— sometimes awards can be good to give
recognition to people who deserve it, or to helppeople who don’ t make a lot of
money carry on their work without worrying about finances, but professional
soccer players these days certainly aren’ t short of cash!
(6) Many small towns and communities all over the world also have their own
award ceremonies, for local writers or artists, or just for people who have
graduated from high school or, got a university degree. Even the British Council
has its own awards for “ Innovation in English Language Teaching”.
(7) Why have all these awards and ceremonies appeared recently? Shakespeare
never won a prize, nor did Leonardo Da Vinci or Adam Smith or Charles
Dickens.
(8) It would be possible to say, however, that in the past, scientists and
artists couldwin “patronage form rich people”—a king or a lord would give the
artists or scientists money to have them paint their palaces or help them
develop new ways of making money. With the change in social systems across the
world, this no longer happens. A lot of scientific research is now either funded
by the state or by private companies.
(9)Perhaps award ceremonies are just the most recent phase of this
process.
(10) However, there is more to it than that. When a film wins an Oscar, many
more people will go and see it, or buy the DVD. When a writer wins the Nobel
Prize, many more people buy their books. When a group wins the MTV awards, the
ceremony is seen by hundreds of thousands of people across the world. The
result?The group sells lots more records. (11) Most award ceremonies are now
sponsored by big organizations or companies. This means that it is not only the
person who wins the award who benefits---but also the sponsors. The MTV awards,
for example, are great for publicizing not only music, but also MTV itself!
(12) On the surface, it seems to be a “ Win -win ”situation, with everyone
being happy, but let me ask you a question—how far do you think that publicity
and marketing are winning here, and how much genuine recognition of achievement
is taking place?
1. What is the author ’s tone when he mentions awards such as the Oscars,
the Golden Globes and
Grammies (Paras. 3 & 4)
A. Amused.
B. Appreciative.
C. Sarcastic.
D. Serious.
2. According to Para. 4, what would happen to award winning writers?
A. They would enjoy a much larger readership.
B. They would turn to popular novel writing.
C. They would continue non-fiction writing.
D. They would try controversial forms of art.
3. Which of the following statements best sums up Para. 6?
A. Awards ceremonies are held for local people.
B. Awards ceremonies are held on important occasions.
C. Awards ceremonies are held in certain professions.
D. Awards ceremonies are held for all sorts of reasons.
4. According to Para. 8, one difference between scientists and artists in
the past and those at present
lies in_____________.
A. nature of work
B. personal contact
C. source of funding
D. social status
5. It can be concluded from Para. 12 that the author thinks awards
________.
A. promote market rather than achievements
B. do good to both market and popularity
C. help those who are really talented
D. are effective in making people popular
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PART V READING COMPREHENSION
PASSAGE ONE
(1) The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish
colonies that were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to
escape the controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches, noblemen and
aristocrats. The historic decisions made by those first settlers have had a profound effect on the
shaping of the American
character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and
eliminating a formal aristocracy, they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the
individual. Individual freedom is probably the most basic of all the American values. By freedom,
Americans mean the desire and the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny
without outside interference from the government, a ruling noble class, the church, or any other organized
authority.
(2) There is, however, a price to be paid for this individual
freedom: self-reliance. It means that Americans believe they should stand on their own feet, achieving both
financial and emotional independence from their parents as early as possible, usually by age 18 or
21.
(3) A second important reason why immigrants have traditionally been drawn to
the United States is the belief that everyone has a equal chance to enter a race and
succeed in the game. Because titles of nobility were forbidden in the Constitution, no formal class system
developed in the U.S.
(4) There is, however, a price to be paid for this equality of opportunity:
competition. If much of life is seen as race, then a person must run the race in order to succeed;
a person must compete with others. The pressures of competition in the life of an American begin in
childhood and continue until retirement from work. In fact, any group of people who does not compete
successfully does not fit
into the mainstream of American life as well as those who do.
(5) A third reason why immigrants have traditionally come to the United
States is to have a better life. Because of its abundant natural resources, the United States
appeared to be a “land of plenty where millions could come to seek their fortunes. The phrase “going
from rags to riches” became a slogan for the American dream. Many people did achieve material
success. Material wealth became a value to the American people, and it also became an accepted measure
of social status.
(6) Americans pay a price, however, for their material wealth: hard work.
Hard work has been both necessary and rewarding for most Americans throughout their history. In some ways, material possessions are seen as evidence of people’s abilities. Barry Goldwater, a
candidate for the presidencyin 1964, said that most poor people are poor because they deserve to be. Most
Americans would find
this a harsh statement, but many might think there was some truth in it.
(7) These basic values do not tell the whole story of the American character.
Rather, they should be thought of as themes, as we continue to explore more facets of the
American character and how it affects life in the United States.
1. Para.4 seems to suggest that __________.
A. Americans are born with a sense of competition
B. the pressure of competition begins when one starts work
C. successful competition is essential in American society
D. competition results in equality of opportunities
2. Which of the following methods does the author mainly use in explaining
American values?
A. Comparison
D. Cause and effect
C. Definition
D. Process analysis
-
Writing:
In China, to restore lost property to its original owner is regarded as one
of the most cherished virtues. However, the draft property rights law stipulates
that property Owners should pay some money to the one who returns the property.
Is it a deviation from traditional values? Write a composition of about 400
words to state your view.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing：
The 76th Annual Academy Awards attracted the attention o{an unprecedented
number of Chinese thanks to complete live TV coverage. However, except for
Couching Tiger Hidden Dragon, directed by Taiwanese filmmaker An Lee, no other
Chinese film has even been nominated for an Oscar award. Should our domestic
films aim at this Hollywood award or is it someone else's game? Write a
composition of about 400 words to state your view.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
A statement goes that "both the development of technological tools and the
uses to which humanity has put them have created modern civilizations in which
loneliness is ever increasing." To what degree do you agree with this statement?
Write an essay of about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
Some people claim that, in the age of television, reading books is not as
important as it once was and that people can learn as much by watching
television as they can by reading books. Do you agree or disagree with this
statement? Write an essay of about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
The present world witnesses invention and use of various robots, some of whom
even can play games with human and defeat the latter. Such being the case, many
are worried that robots will surpass human beings in intelligence and enslave
them, while others believe that the human mind will always be superior to
machines because machines are only tools of human minds. What is your opinion?
Write an essay of about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
“Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them”.
To what degree do you agree with this statement? Write an essay of about 400
words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing:
Nowadays a lot of Chinese celebrate Western festivals. Some people are afraid
that this would lead to the loss of Chinese culture. What do you think? Write an
essay of about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing：
A statement goes that “only through mistakes can there be discovery or
progress”. To what degree do you agree with this statement? Write an essay of
about 400 words.
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument,
and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate
details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.
Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
-
Writing：
Piracy is still a serious problem in China. Write a composition of about 400
words to state your view.
-
Writing：
An old saying goes “hast makes waste”. Write a composition of about 400 words
to state your view on it.
-
As Gilbert White，Darwin ， and others observed long ago， all species appear to
have theinnate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation.
The task forecologistsis to untangle the environmentaand biologicalfactorsthat
hold this intrinsiccapacity for population growth in check over the long run.
The great variety of dynamicbehaviorsexhibitedby differentpopulationmakes
thistaskmore difficult：sompopulations remain roughly constant from year to year;
others exhibit regular cycles ofabundance and scarcity; still others vary
wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that arein some cases plainly correlated with
the weather， and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscopeof
patterns ， one school of thought proposesdividing populations into two groups.
These ecologists posit that the relatively steadypopulations
havedensity-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates ofbirth ， death ，and
migrationwhich depend strongly on population density. The highly varying
populationshave density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted
by environmentalevents ;these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly
independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause
problems if taken too literally. Forone thing ， no population can be driven
entirely by density-independent factors all thetime. No matter how severely or
unpredictably birth， death ， and migration rates may befluctuatingaround
theirlong-termaverages ， ifthere were no density-dependenteffects ，the
populationwould ， in the long run ， eitherincrease or decrease without bound
(barringa miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly)。 Put another way，
it may be thaton average 99 percent of all deaths in a populationarise from
density-independentcauses ，and only one percent from factors varying with
density.The factorsmaking up the one percentmay seem unimportant， and their
cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet，whether recognized or not，
they will usually determine the long-term average populationdensity.In order to
understand the nature of theecologist ’s investigation， we may think ofthe
density-dependent effectson growth parameters as the signal ecologists are
trying toisolateand interpret， one that tends to make the population increase
from relativelylowvalues or decrease from relatively high ones， while the
density-independent effects actto produce noise in the populationdynamics.For
populationsthatremain relativelyconstant ， or that oscillate around repeated
cycles， the signal can be fairly easilycharacterized and its effects described，
even though the causative biological mechanismmay remain unknown. For
irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have toofew observations
to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise.But it now
seems clear that all populationsare regulatedby a mixture of
density-dependentand density-independent effects in varying proportions.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with
[A] Discussing two categories of factorsthat controlpopulationgrowth and
assessingtheir relative importance.
[B] Describinghow growth ratesin naturalpopulationsfluctuateover time
andexplaining why these changes occur.
[C] Proposing a hypothesisconcerning population size and suggesting ways to
test it.
[D] Posing a fundamental question about environmentalfactorsin
populationgrowth andpresenting some currently accepted answer.
2. It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy
discussedto be
[A] Applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations.
[B] instrumental， but only if its limitations are recognized.
[C] Dangerously misleading in most circumstances.
[D] A complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena.
3.to the text ， allof the followingbehaviors have been exhibitedby
differentpopulations EXCEPT
[A] Roughly constant population levels from year to year.
[B] Regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers.
[C] Erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather.
[D] Unchecked increases in numbers over many generations.
4. The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves
primarily to
[A] Demonstrate the difficultiesecologistsface in studying
density-dependentfactorslimiting population growth.
[B] Advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population
growth.
[C] Prove that the death rates of any populationare never
entirelydensity-independent.
[D] underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in
regulatinglong-term population densities.
5. In the text， the author does all of the following EXCEPT
[A] Cite the views of other biologists.
[B] Define a basic problem that the text addresses.
[C] Present conceptual categories used by other biologists.
[D] Describe the results of a particular study.
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Bernard Bailyn has recentlyreinterpretedthe early historyof the United States
by applyingnew socialresearchfindingson theexperiencesofEuropean
migrants.Inhisreinterpretation,migrationbecomes the organizingprinciplefor
rewritingthe historyofpreindustrial North America. His approach rests on four
separate propositions.The firstof these asserts that residentsof early modern
England moved regularlyabouttheir countryside; migrating to the New World was
simply a natural spillover. Although atfirstthe colonies held
littlepositiveattractionfor the English D they would rather havestayed home D by
the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America becausethey
regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to
thenotion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a
typical NewWorld community.For example, the economic and demographiccharacterof
early New Englandtowns varied considerably.Bailyn's third proposition suggest
two general patterns prevailing among the manythousands of migrants:one group
came as indenturedservants,another came to acquire land.Surprisingly,Bailyn
suggests that those who recruitedindentured servants were the drivingforces of
transatlanticmigration.These colonialentrepreneurshelped determine the
socialcharacterof people who came to preindustrialNorth America.At
first,thousands ofunskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's, however,
American employers demandedskilled artisans.Finally, Bailyn argues that the
colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of theEuropean culture system. He is
undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were partof an Anglo-American
empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonialperiphery, as
Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, asBailyn
claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But
whatof seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective
laws, built adistinguished university, and published books Bailyn might respond
that New England wasexceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed
by New England Puritans hadpowerful effects on North American culture.Although
Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indenturedservantswho
migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with
thepolitical development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work
suggests howwe might make such a connection. These indentured servants were
treated as slaves for theperiod during which they had sold their time to
American employers. It is not surprisingthat as soon as they served their time
they passed up good wages in the cities and headedwest to ensure theirpersonal
independence by acquiringland. Thus, it is in the west thata peculiarly American
political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious ofauthority and
intensely anti-aristocratic.
1.Which of the followingstatements about migrants to colonialNorth America is
supportedby information in the text
[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as
indenturedservants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more
successful atmaking a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
[C] Migrants to colonialNorth America were more successfulat acquiringtheir
own landduring the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.
[D] By the 1730's,migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by
Americanemployers than were unskilled laborers.
2.The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to
[A] Give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of
thecolonies and England.
[B] Describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved
theirculture in the United States.
[C] Take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who
migrated tocolonial North America specifically to acquire land.
[D] Relate the experience of the migrants to the politicalvalues that
eventuallyshapedthe character of the United States.
3.Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's
fourthproposition
[A] It is totally implausible.
[B] It is partially acceptable.
[C] It is highly admirable.
[D] It is controversial though persuasive.
4.According to the text,Bailyn and the author agree on which of the
followingstatementsabout the culture of colonial New England
[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of
England.
[B] The culturalachievements of colonialNew England have generallybeen
unrecognizedby historians.
[C] The colonistsimitatedthe high cultureof England ， and did not develop a
culturethat was uniquely their own.
[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New
England.
5.The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the
followingstatements about Bailyn's work
[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American
culture.
[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great
Britain.
[C] Bailyn'sdescriptionof thecoloniesas part of an Anglo-American empireis
misleading and incorrect.
[D] Bailyn failedto test his propositionson a specificgroup of migrants to
colonialNorth America.
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Roger Rosenblatt ’s book Black Fiction,in attemptingto apply
literaryratherthansociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters
the approach taken by mostprevious studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of
Black writing has often served as apretextfor expounding on Black
history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judgesthe value of Black
fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according tothe notions
of Black identity which it propounds.Although fictionassuredly springs from
politicalcircumstances ，its authors react tothose circumstances in ways other
than ideological, and talking about novels and storiesprimarilyas instrumentsof
ideologycircumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt ’s
literaryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesand connections among works of Blackfiction
which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable
criticism ofBlack fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a
number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the
facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authorsSecond,
how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which
it islargely contemporaneous Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a
distinct bodyof writingthat has an identifiable， coherent
literarytradition.Looking at novels writtenby Black over the last eighty years,
he discovers recurringconcerns and designs independentof chronology. These
structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from thecentralfact
that the Black charactersin these novels exist in a predominantlywhite
culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black
Fictiondoes leave some aestheticquestions open. Rosenblatt ’s thematic
analysispermits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is
not his intentionto judge the merit of the various works D yet his reluctance
seems misplaced, especiallysince an attempt to appraise might have led to
interesting results. For instance, some ofthe novels appear to be
structurallydiffuse.Is this a defect,or are the authors workingout of, or trying
to forge, a different kind of aesthetic In addition, the style of someBlack
novels, like JeanToomey’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does
thistechnique provide a counterpointto the prevalenttheme that portrays the fate
against whichBlack heroes are pitted,a theme usuallyconveyed by more
naturalisticmodes of expressionIn spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does
include in his discussion makes foran astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction
surveys a wide variety of novels, bringingto our attention in the process some
fascinating and little-known works like James WeldonJohnson’s Autobiography of
an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, andits forthright, lucid
style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________.
[A] Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B] Comparing various
critical approaches to a subject.
[C] Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.
[D] Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.
2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been
improved hadRosenblatt __________.
[A] Evaluated more carefully the ideological andhistoricalaspects of Black
fiction.
[B] Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by
Blackauthors.
[C] Explorein greaterdetailthe recurrentthematicconcerns of Black
fictionthroughout its history.
[D] Assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes
thematically.
3.author ’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as
__________.
[A] Pedantic and contentious.
[B] Critical but admiring.
[C] Ironic and deprecating.
[D] Argumentative but unfocused.author of the text employs all of the
following in the discussion ofRosenblatt ’s
4.book EXCEPT： __________.
[A] Rhetorical questions.
[B] Specific examples.
[C] Comparison and contrast.
[D] Definition of terms.
5. The author of the text refers to James WeldonJohnson’s Autobiography of
anEx-Colored Man most probably in order to __________.
[A] point out affinitiesbetween Rosenblatt ’s method of thematic analysis and
earliercriticism.
[B] Clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the
passage.
[C] Qualify the assessment ofRosenblatt ’s book made in the first paragraph
of thepassage.
[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments ofRosenblatt ’s
work.
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The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the
classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem,
formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and
only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day
tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed
intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal
with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise ; and to integrate action
into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have
recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general,
however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as
the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals
that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use
intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a
problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned
behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is
based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build
skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bitsm of data
and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth,
some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.
Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and
tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are
occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to
their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition
to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution.
Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in
which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the
intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from
acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and
explain it, they frequently act first and explain later.Analysis is inextricably
tiedto actionin thinking/actingcycles,in which managers develop thoughtsabout
theircompanies and organizations not by analyzing aproblematic situation and
then acting, butby acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great
uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, seniormanagers
often instigatea course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They
thenuse the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of
the issue. Oneimplicationof thinking/actingcycles is that action is often part
of definingthe problem,not just of implementing the solution.
1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the
following ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management
mentionedin line 1, paragraph 2
[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational
model ofdecision analysis.
[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficientlylarge sample of
actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather
than onwhat managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business
decisions.
3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most
probablybe one major differencein behavior between Manager X, who uses
intuitionto reach decisions,and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision
analysis
[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
[B] Manager X checks possiblesolutions toa problem by systematicanalysis ;
ManagerY does not.
[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem;
ManagerY does not.
[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creatinga solutionto a
problem ;Manager X does not.
4. The text provides support for which of the following statements
[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on
formaldecision analysis.
[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical
skills.
[D] Intuitionenables managers to employ theirpracticalexperience more
efficiently.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first
paragraph of the text
[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
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California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical
land feature ， sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found
within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to
one another. People living in Bakersfield ， for instance，can visit the Pacific
Ocean and the coastal plain ， the fertile San Joaquin Valley ， the arid Mojave
Desert ， and the high Sierra Nevada， all within a radius of about 100 miles. In
other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the
evening of the same day ， without having to travel long distance. Contrast
abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska )
is in California ， and so is the lowest point (including Alaska )。 Mount Whitney
， 14，494 feet above sea level，is separated from Death Valley ， 282 feet below
sea level，by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in
altitude of almost three miles. California has deep ， clear mountain lakes like
Lake Tahoe ， the deepest in the country， but it also has shallow， salty desert
lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo ， 12，020 feet above sea level， and the lowest lake
in the country ， the Salton Sea， 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes ，
like Owens Lake in Death Valley ， are not lakes at all： they are dried up lake
beds. In addition to mountains ，lakes， valleys，deserts， and plateaus，California
has its Pacific coastline， stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and
Washington combined.
1. Which of the following is the lowest point in the United States?
A. Lake Tulainyo B. Mojave desert C. Death Valley D. The Salton Sea
2. Where is the highest point in the United States located ?
A. Lake Tahoe.
B. Sierra Nevada. C. Mount Whitney.
D. Alaska.
3. How far away is Death Valley from Mount Whitney?
A. About 3 miles.
D. 14，494 feet.
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being within a
radius ofabout 100 miles of Bakersfield ?
A. The Pacific Ocean.
B. San Joaquin Valley.
C. Mojave Desert.
D. Oregon andWashington.
5. Which statement best demonstrates that California is a land of variety and
contrast ?
A. The highest lake in California is Lake Tulainyo.
B. It is possible to go surfing and snow skiing in some parts of California
without having totravel long distance.
C. Sierra Nevada， San Joaquin Valley， Mojave Desert and the Pacific Ocean all
lie withina radius of about 100 miles.
D. Owens Lake ， in Death Valley ， is not really a lake at all.
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The tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going ， you'd expect
greater understanding o develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of
it ! Superb systems of communication by air， sea and land make it possible for
us to visit each other's countries at a moderate cost. What was once the 'grand
tour' ， reserved for only the very rich ， is now within everybody's grasp ?
The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern
travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in
the old days couldn't have dreamed of. But what's the sense of this mass
exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of
each other?
Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of
affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much
contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted，
sheltered life. He lives at international hotels ， where he eats his
international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the
natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully
censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see
and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off
on his own ; and anyway， language is always a barrier， so he is only too happy
to be protected in this way. At its very worst ， this leads to a new and hideous
kind of colonization.
The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire ： are
temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at
Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella， but fish and chips. The
sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national
stereotypes. We don't see the people of other nations as they really are， but as
we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself.
Take five nationalities ， say， French， German， English， American and Italian.
Now in your mind， match them with these five adjectives ： musical， amorous，
cold， pedantic， native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national
characteristics of the peoples just mentioned ， these adjectives actually act as
barriers. So when you set out on your travels， the only characteristics you
notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the
highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that ， say，'Anglo-Saxons are
hypocrites' of that 'Latin peoples shout a lot'. You only have to make a few
foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful national stereotypes are.
But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to
prevent you ? Carried to an extreme， stereotypes can be positively dangerous.
Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact 〞how
trite it sounds ! 每 That all people are human. We are all similar to each other
and at the same time all unique.
1. The best title for this passage is
[A] Tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between
nations.
[B] Tourism is tiresome.
[C] Conducted tour is dull.
[D] Tourism really does something to one's country.
2. What is the author's attitude toward tourism ?
[A] apprehensive. [B]negative. [C] critical. [D] appreciative.
3. Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people shout a
lot?
[A] silent. [B] noisy. [C] lively. [D] active.
4. The purpose of the author's criticism is to point out
[A] conducted tour is disappointing.
[B]the way of touring should be changed.
[C] when traveling ， you notice characteristics which confirm
preconception.
[D] national stereotypes should be changed.
5. What is 'grand tour' now ?
[A] moderate cost.
[B]local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.
[C] people enjoy the first-rate comforts.
[D] everybody can enjoy the 'grand tour'
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In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to
cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that
when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear
collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically
unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious
documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not
learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer
horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to
light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and
wonder what hit us. The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie
are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted
and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently
outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent
acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums
and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and
employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our
strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its
wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the
ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from
constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine
and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the
framework of the law. Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful
co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other's problems. And to
do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in
exchanging information. "Talk, talk, talk," the advocates of violence say, "all
you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser." It's rather like the story of
the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After
listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk,
he was none the wiser. "Possible, my lord," the barrister replied, "none the
wiser, but surely far better informed." Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite
to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to
solve.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
[A] Advocating Violence.
[B] Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.
[C] Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.
[D] The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.
2. Recorded history has taught us
[A] violence never solves anything. [B] nothing. [C] the bloodshed means
nothing. [D]everything.
3. It can be inferred that truly reasonable men
[A] can't get a hearing.
[B] are looked down upon.
[C] are persecuted.
[D] Have difficulty in
advocating law enforcement.
4. "He was none the wiser" means
[A] he was not at all wise in listening.
[B] He was not at all wiser than nothing before.
[C] He gains nothing after listening.
[D] He makes no sense of the argument.
5. According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is
[A] law enforcement. [B] knowledge. [C] nonviolence. [D] Mopping up the
violent mess.
-
汉译英;但是正如其他许多已经发生过的事情一样，当他们最终结婚后， 发现最憧憬的生活变得再实际不过了。他们非但没有分担各自原先的责任--- 正如那些学生们所说 " 一半一半 " ，相反却发现生活的重担加倍了。 这使得我们那两个结婚的朋友时常觉得沮丧;他们突然发现自己并没有过着天堂般的生活而是仍实实在在地生活在地球上，而且成为了新规则和新约束的奴隶。生活并没有比以前更自由、更幸福，因为他们要去承担新的责任。 既然成立了一个新的家庭， 那就无论如何也要尽一点家庭的义务。 他们深情地回想起订婚的那段时光， 曾经如此地渴望拥有彼此而忘掉这个世界，然而现在最深切的感受却是自己仍是这个世界的一份子。