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How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald’s in Europe A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004, the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers’ favourite enemy operates. B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly. C. Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations, to be “locally relevant”, and to improve the experience of visiting his 6,400 restaurants. McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat, exploiting workers, treating animals cruelly, polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns. D. He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50,000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors’ programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners. E. Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”, the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald’s restaurants, are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired: last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald’s managers across the continent. F. To stay in touch with local needs and preferences, McDonald’s employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald’s in Russia, though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers, for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was, in fact, buying their produce.) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum, a German model, as local brand ambassadors. G. In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company’s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”, where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends. H. Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe, it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company’s most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain. I. “Fixing Britain should be his priority,” says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants, but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible, says Mr Palmer. J. M.Mark Wiltamuth, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, estimates that European company-owned restaurants’ margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America’s 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin’s reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group’s top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob. Notes to Reading Passage 1 1.sterling高质量的 e.g. He has many sterling qualities. 他身上有许多优秀的品质。 2. menial 不体面的, 乏味的(工作、职业) 3. spruce up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰 4. mastermind指挥、谋划(一个计划或活动) e.g. The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是谁策划了那次抢劫。 5. underperform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本 Questions 1-6 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1. McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets. 2. Starting from last year, detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners. 3. France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe, but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market. 4. Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned. 5. According to David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS, David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing. 6. David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival. Questions 7-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet. 7. The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________. A. difficult B. menial C. terrible D. excellent 8. Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE? A. It tends to make people fat. B. Its operations are very vague. C. It tends to exploit workers. D. It tends to treat animals cruelly. 9. Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result? A. “Food Studio” scheme. B. “Open Door” visitor days. C. The “McPassport” scheme. D. The Nutrition Information Initiative. 10. What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends? A. set up a “Food Studio” . B. established a “Design Studio”. C. hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors. D. employed local bosses as much as possible. Questions 11-14 Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. 11. After January 2004, McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were …………………………. 12. Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to …………………………….. 13. Compared with other countries, France is McDonald’s ………………………. next to America. 14. ……………………. of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain.
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请简述索赔的一般程序及所涉及的主要单证。
Writing: In China, to restore lost property to its original owner is regarded as one of the most cherished virtues. However, the draft property rights law stipulates that property Owners should pay some money to the one who returns the property. Is it a deviation from traditional values? Write a composition of about 400 words to state your view. In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
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Asian economies will continue to expand rapidly in the next two years on the back of foreign investments, exports and domestic demand, but will not be free of worries, according to a recent securities company economic report. Massive infrastructure spending, the benefits of past investments and deregulation and growing regional trade will push along regional growth. The report tipped China’s gross domestic product to grow by 9.5 per cent in 1996 and 10.5 per cent in 1997, and Hong Kong’s to grow by 4.3 and 5.0 per cent. Singapore’s real GDP was forecast to grow by 7.6 and 7.4 per cent, Malaysia’s by 8.6 and 8.1 per cent, Thailand’s by 8.8 and 8.4 per cent, Indonesia’s by 7.3 and 7.1 per cent and Philippines’ by 5.6 and 5.8 per cent. “However, all is not rosy,” cautioned the report, which listed overheating as the region’s biggest challenge in the short term and skilled-labor shortages in the long run. It cited strains from rapid growth that had begun to stretch current account deficits and spur inflation in some regional economies, which could prevent their central banks from lowering interest rates. “This implies that economic vulnerability to unexpected shocks will remain high,” the report said, forecasting a further tightening of monetary policy in countries such as the Philippines and Malaysia, and no significant easing in Thailand, Indonesia and China. Crosby Securities also cited massive new investment programs generated by demands on infrastructure such as power, telecommunications and transport which had fuelled over-heating. It said Asia would also face a bigger challenge from newly deregulating economies in Eastern Europe which offered lower costs and better-educated workers to foreign investors. Asia’s main foreign investors should, however, continue to expand their presence in the region, the securities house said, noting new trends of intra-Asian investment. Singapore is shifting its lower value-added disc drive and electronics industry to Malaysia, which in turn is moving some of its garment-making and consumer electronics manufacturing to Indonesia and Thailand. Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore are increasingly investing in Viet Nam, Myanmar and Laos. “Asia will benefit from this trend in several ways,” the report said. ( )1Asia economy will continue to grow because of _____________. A. foreign investment B. demands in Asian countries. C. export D. all of the above ( )2 In the next 2 years, the highest economic growth will appear in ____________. A. Singapore B. Thailand C. Hong Kong D. China ( )3 Years later, the problem in Asian economy may be _________________. A. too little investment B. too much investment C. not enough qualified labors D. monetary instability ( )4 According to this report, economic changes in East Europe are ___________. A. harmful B. challenging C. helpful D. useless ( )5 The report is about the prospect of Asian economy. A. optimistic B. pessimistic C. more optimistic than pessimistic D. more pessimistic than optimistic
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Don't wash those fossils! Standard museum practice can wash away DNA. 1.Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA. 2.Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves, and freezing samples as they are found, dirt and all, concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today. 3.Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be.This information, they say, needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones. 4.Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947, and stored in a museum collection, or in 2004, and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC. 5.The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed.The newly excavated fossils, however, all yielded DNA. 6.Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the same conditions, the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl."As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3,200 years before," she says. Wash in, wash out 7.Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone, their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl explains. 8.The biggest problem is how they are cleaned.Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath, which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones."Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in," says Geigl. 9.Most ancient DNA specialists know this already, says Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.But that doesn't mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils. 10.Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators, says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.And that only occurs in exceptional cases, he says. 11.P bo's team, which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA, continually faces these problems."When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains, there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA," he says. 12.This doesn't mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed, notes P bo.The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab, for example, had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way.But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations — just in case. Warm and wet 13.Geigl herself believes that, with cooperation between bench and field researchers, preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed. 14.Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions.DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place, and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated.For this reason, Geigl says, most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples, such as the woolly mammoth, or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves — including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils. 15.Better conservation methods, and a focus on fresh fossils, could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens, says Geigl.And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution. (640 words nature ) Glossary Palaeontologists 古生物学家 Aurochs 欧洲野牛 Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。 Permafrost (地理)永冻层 Questions 1-6 Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 1.How did people traditionally treat fossils? 2.What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done when fossils are found? 3.What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE. 4.What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed? 5.What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved? 6.The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers.How many of them are mentioned? Questions 7-11 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage. 7.In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences，Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserve ancient DNA. 8.The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs. 9.Geneticists don't have to work on site. 10.Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigl and her colleagues contain ancient DNA. 11.Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments of fossils in traditional way. Questions 12-13 Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer. 12.“This information” in paragraph 3 indicates: [A] It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA. [B] The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves. [C] Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones. [D] Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils. 13.The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests: [A] the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past. [B] the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered DNA. [C] the pace at which DNA degrades. [D] the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.
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