阅读下列材料,然后回答问题。
2019 年,A 市西乡全面完成“镇改街道”改革,原农村社区转变为城市街区,但新问题也接踵而至:街道城管财政投入严重不足;街道城管综合执法大队承担了多达21 项职能,但人员编制只有 40 多人,即使加上协管人员也不足 150人,平均每平方公里不足两名执法人员;作为政府部门的城管是按照机关正常时间上下班的,但乱摆摊、乞讨等现象多数在城管下班后出现,由此导致管理出现“空档” 。2019 年,西乡街道开始城市管理改革的探索,将政府向市场购买服务作为改革的突破口。通过公开招投标,西乡街道办与 B 公司就城市街区专业化、一体化的综合管理服务事项签订了为期一年的合同,合同约定:
一、 B公司承担市政设施巡查、协助城市管理等 13 项原由城市管理部门负责的工作。
二、 B公司享有的权利与义务主要体现在 10 个方面,如自主开展各项管理经营活动、制定管理规章、不得损害第三者的合法权益、不能获取不当利益等。
三、B公司以自己的专业技术特长与设备, 为市政管理与社会秩序管理提供 GPS定位、信息传输等技术支持,参与行政处罚前的管理过程,但不享有行政处罚权。四、在 B 公司履行合同所规定的城市管理职责发生难题时,街道办、城市管理部门则及时介入,依法处理。这项改革经过一段时间的实践,该街区公共秩序趋于好转,行政成本有所降低,效果显著。
(1) 西乡在城市管理改革之前,街道城管面临的主要问题是什么?
(2) 从行政组织改革的角度来看,西乡城市管理改革主要采取的是什么方法?
(3) 西乡的做法对行政组织改革有哪些启示?
(1)行政组织的财权与事权不匹配;政府职能与人员编制不匹配;管理方式僵化,缺乏弹性。
(2)主要采取市场化管理的方法,政府与企业签订城市管理委托合同,向企业购买服务。
(3)启示:引进市场竞争机制,打破政府对公共服务的垄断;构建公私合作模式,发挥其他主体在城市管理中的作用;强调合同化管理,明晰双方的权利义务。
暂无解析
Wearenowexportingstrawandwillowproducts,embroideries,porcelainwares,jadecarvings,antiques,Chinesepaintings,silkflowersandvariouskindsoftoysandgifts.
Roguetheoryofsmellgetsaboost
1.Acontroversialtheoryofhowwesmell,whichclaimsthatourfinesenseofodourdependsonquantummechanics,hasbeengiventhethumbsupbyateamofphysicists.
2.CalculationsbyresearchersatUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)showthattheideathatwesmellodourmoleculesbysensingtheirmolecularvibrationsmakessenseintermsofthephysicsinvolved.
3.That'sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory,proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin,iscorrect.Butitshouldmakeotherscientiststaketheideamoreseriously.
4."Thisisabigstepforward,"saysTurin,whohasnowsetuphisownperfumecompanyFlexitralinVirginia.Hesaysthatsincehepublishedhistheory,"ithasbeenignoredratherthancriticized."
5.Mostscientistshaveassumedthatoursenseofsmelldependsonreceptorsinthenosedetectingtheshapeofincomingmolecules,whichtriggersasignaltothebrain.Thismolecular'lockandkey'processisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody'sdetectionsystems:itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders,forexample,andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.
6.ButTurinarguedthatsmelldoesn'tseemtofitthispictureverywell.Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent—suchasalcohols,whichsmelllikespirits,andthiols,whichsmelllikerotteneggs.Andmoleculeswithverydifferentstructurescansmellsimilar.Moststrikingly,somemoleculescansmelldifferent—toanimals,ifnotnecessarilytohumans—simplybecausetheycontaindifferentisotopes(atomsthatarechemicallyidenticalbuthaveadifferentmass).
7.Turin'sexplanationforthesesmellyfactsinvokestheideathatthesmellsignalinolfactoryreceptorproteinsistriggerednotbyanodourmolecule'sshape,butbyitsvibrations,whichcanenourageanelectrontojumpbetweentwopartsofthereceptorinaquantum-mechanicalprocesscalledtunnelling.Thiselectronmovementcouldinitiatethesmellsignalbeingsenttothebrain.
8.Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent:theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.Turin'smechanism,saysMarshallStonehamoftheUCLteam,ismorelikeswipe-cardidentificationthanakeyfittingalock.
9.Vibration-assistedelectrontunnellingcanundoubtedlyoccur—itisusedinanexperimentaltechniqueformeasuringmolecularvibrations."Thequestioniswhetherthisispossibleinthenose,"saysStoneham'scolleague,AndrewHorsfield.
10.StonehamsaysthatwhenhefirstheardaboutTurin'sidea,whileTurinwashimselfbasedatUCL,"Ididn'tbelieveit".But,headds,"becauseitwasaninterestingidea,IthoughtIshouldproveitcouldn'twork.Ididsomesimplecalculations,andonlythenbegantofeelLucacouldberight."NowStonehamandhisco-workershavedonethejobmorethoroughly,inapapersoontobepublishedinPhysicalReviewLetters.
11.TheUCLteamcalculatedtheratesofelectronhoppinginanosereceptorthathasanodorantmoleculeboundtoit.Thisratedependsonvariouspropertiesofthebiomolecularsystemthatarenotknown,buttheresearcherscouldestimatetheseparametersbasedontypicalvaluesformoleculesofthissort.
12.Thekeyissueiswhetherthehoppingratewiththeodorantinplaceissignificantlygreaterthanthatwithoutit.Thecalculationsshowthatitis—whichmeansthatodouridentificationinthiswayseemstheoreticallypossible.
13.ButHorsfieldstressesthatthat'sdifferentfromaproofofTurin'sidea."Sofarthingslookplausible,butweneedproperexperimentalverification.We'rebeginningtothinkaboutwhatexperimentscouldbeperformed."
14.Meanwhile,Turinispressingaheadwithhishypothesis."AtFlexitralwehavebeendesigningodorantsexclusivelyonthebasisoftheircomputedvibrations,"hesays."Oursuccessrateatodorantdiscoveryistwoordersofmagnitudebetterthanthecompetition."Attheveryleast,heisputtinghismoneywherehisnoseis.
Questions5-9
Completethesentencesbelowwithwordsfromthepassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
5.Thehypothesisthatwesmellbysensingthemolecularvibrationwasmadeby______.
6.Turin'scompanyisbasedin______.
7.Mostscientistsbelievedthatournoseworksinthesamewayasour______.
8.Differentisotopescansmelldifferentwhen______weighdifferently.
9.AccordingtoAudrewHorsfield,itisstilltobeprovedthat______couldreallyoccurinhumannose.