Thefirststepinthestudyofanylanguageisobservingand____preciselywhathappenswhennativespeakersspeakit.

Hewasluredintoacrimehewouldnot____________havecommitted.

Thetouristtradeisbooming.Withallthiscomingandgoing，you'dexpectgreaterunderstandingodevelopbetweenthenationsoftheworld.Notabitofit!Superbsystemsofcommunicationbyair，seaandlandmakeitpossibleforustovisiteachother'scountriesatamoderatecost.Whatwasoncethe'grandtour'，reservedforonlytheveryrich，isnowwithineverybody'sgrasp?

Thepackagetourandcharteredflightsarenottobesneeredat.Moderntravelersenjoyalevelofcomfortwhichthelordsandladiesongrandtoursintheolddayscouldn'thavedreamedof.Butwhat'sthesenseofthismassexchangeofpopulationsifthenationsoftheworldremainbasicallyignorantofeachother?

Manytouristorganizationsaredirectlyresponsibleforthisstateofaffairs.Theydeliberatelysetouttoprotecttheirclientsfromtoomuchcontactwiththelocalpopulation.Themoderntouristleadsacosseted，shelteredlife.Helivesatinternationalhotels，whereheeatshisinternationalfoodandsipshisinternationaldrinkwhilehegazesatthenativesfromadistance.Conductedtourstoplacesofinterestarecarefullycensored.Thetouristisallowedtoseeonlywhattheorganizerswanthimtoseeandnomore.Astrictschedulemakesitimpossibleforthetouristtowanderoffonhisown;andanyway，languageisalwaysabarrier，soheisonlytoohappytobeprotectedinthisway.Atitsveryworst，thisleadstoanewandhideouskindofcolonization.

Thesummerquartersoftheinhabitantsoftheciteuniversitaire：aretemporarilyreestablishedontheislandofCorfu.BlackpoolisrecreatedatTorremolinoswherethetravelergoesnottoeatpaella，butfishandchips.Thesadthingaboutthissituationisthatitleadstothepersistenceofnationalstereotypes.Wedon'tseethepeopleofothernationsastheyreallyare，butaswehavebeenbroughtuptobelievetheyare.Youcantestthisforyourself.Takefivenationalities，say，French，German，English，AmericanandItalian.Nowinyourmind，matchthemwiththesefiveadjectives：musical，amorous，cold，pedantic，native.Farfromprovidinguswithanyinsightintothenationalcharacteristicsofthepeoplesjustmentioned，theseadjectivesactuallyactasbarriers.Sowhenyousetoutonyourtravels，theonlycharacteristicsyounoticearethosewhichconfirmyourpreconceptions.Youcomeawaywiththehighlyunoriginalandinaccurateimpressionthat，say，'Anglo-Saxonsarehypocrites'ofthat'Latinpeoplesshoutalot'.Youonlyhavetomakeafewforeignfriendstounderstandhowabsurdandharmfulnationalstereotypesare.Buthowcanyoumakeforeignfriendswhenthetouristtradedoesitsbesttopreventyou?Carriedtoanextreme，stereotypescanbepositivelydangerous.Wildgeneralizationsstirupracialhatredandblindustothebasicfact〞howtriteitsounds!每Thatallpeoplearehuman.Weareallsimilartoeachotherandatthesametimeallunique.

1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis

[A]Tourismcontributesnothingtoincreasingunderstandingbetweennations.

[B]Tourismistiresome.

[C]Conductedtourisdull.

[D]Tourismreallydoessomethingtoone'scountry.

2.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardtourism?

[A]apprehensive.[B]negative.[C]critical.[D]appreciative.

3.WhichwordinthefollowingisthebesttosummarizeLatinpeopleshoutalot?

[A]silent.[B]noisy.[C]lively.[D]active.

4.Thepurposeoftheauthor'scriticismistopointout

[A]conductedtourisdisappointing.

[B]thewayoftouringshouldbechanged.

[C]whentraveling，younoticecharacteristicswhichconfirmpreconception.

[D]nationalstereotypesshouldbechanged.

5.Whatis'grandtour'now?

[A]moderatecost.

[B]localsight-seeingisinvestigatedbythetouristorganization.

[C]peopleenjoythefirst-ratecomforts.

[D]everybodycanenjoythe'grandtour'

Thecompositionscontainedsofewerrorsthattheteachergotthestudents_____oneanother’spapers.

Letchildrenlearntojudgetheirownwork.Achildlearningtotalkdoesnotlearnbybeingcorrectedallthetime;ifcorrectedtoomuch,hewillstoptalking.Henoticesathousandtimesadaythedifferencebetweenthelanguagesheusesandthelanguagethosearoundhimuse.Bitbybit,hemakesthenecessarychangestomakehislanguagelikeotherpeople.Inthesameway,whenchildrenlearntodoalltheotherthingstheylearntodowithoutbeingtaught-towalk,run,climb,whistle,rideabicycle-comparethoseperformanceswiththoseofmoreskilledpeople,andslowlymaketheneededchanges.Butinschoolwenevergiveachildachancetofindouthisownmistakesforhimself,letalonecorrectthem.Wedoitallforhim.Weactasifwethoughtthathewouldnevernoticeamistakeunlessitwaspointedouttohim,orcorrectitunlesshewasmadeto.Soonhebecomesdependentontheteacher.Lethimdoithimself.Lethimworkout,withthehelpofotherchildrenifhewantsit,whatthiswordsays,whatansweristothatproblem,whetherthisisagoodwayofsayingordoingthisornot.

Ifitisamatterofrightanswers,asitmaybeinmathematicsorscience,givehimtheanswerbook.Lethimcorrecthisownpapers.Whyshouldweteacherswastetimeonsuchroutinework?Ourjobshouldbetohelpthechildwhenhetellsusthathecan’tfindthewaytogettherightanswer.Let’sendthisnonsenseofgrades,exams,marks,Letusthrowthemallout,andletthechildrenlearnwhatalleducatedpersonsmustsomedaylearn,howtomeasuretheirownunderstanding,howtoknowwhattheyknowordonotknow.

Letthemgetonwiththisjobinthewaythatseemssensibletothem.Withourhelpasschoolteachersiftheyaskforit.Theideathatthereisabodyofknowledgetobelearntatschoolandusedfortherestofone’slifeisnonsenseinaworldascomplicatedandrapidlychangingasours.Anxiousparentsandteacherssay,“Butsupposetheyfailtolearnsomethingessentialtheywillneedtogetintheworld?”Don’tworry!Ifitisessential,theywillgooutintotheworldandlearnit.

1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthebestwayforchildrentolearnthings?

A.bycopyingwhatotherpeopledo.

B.bymakingmistakesandhavingthemcorrected.

C.bylisteningtoexplanationsfromskilledpeople.

D.byaskingagreatmanyquestions.

2.Whatdoestheauthorthinkteachersdowhichtheyshouldnotdo?

A.Theygivechildrencorrectanswers.

B.Theypointoutchildren’smistakestothem.

C.Theyallowchildrentomarktheirownwork.

D.Theyencouragechildrentomarktocopyfromoneanother.

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatlearningtospeakandlearningtorideabicycleare___.

A.notreallyimportantskills.

B.moreimportantthanotherskills.

C.basicallydifferentfromlearningadultskills.

D.basicallythesameaslearningotherskills.

4.Exams,grades,andmarksshouldbeabolishedbecausechildren’sprogressshouldonlybeestimatedby___.

A.educatedpersons.

B.thechildrenthemselves.

C.teachers.

D.parents.

5.Theauthorfearsthatchildrenwillgrowupintoadultswhilebeing___.

A.tooindependentofothers.

B.toocriticalofthemselves.

C.incapabletothinkforthemselves.

D.incapabletousebasicskills.