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The Brain and the Computer
Advertising discourages people from being different individuals by making us all want to do the same and look the same. Do you agree or disagree?
Health care benefits
Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: There are ten incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write down the right answer in the brackets for each sentence. This section totals 10 points, one point for each sentence. ( )1.We can supply all the bicycles you required ____________ stock and are arranging shipment by M.V. Mermaid. A. for B. from 　C. to 　D. against ( )2.We would like to remind you that the __________ L/C must reach us before March 10 so that we can make shipment in good time. A. covering B. cover 　C. covered 　　D. being covered ( )3.We have received your letter of 28 March, ___________ us to modify the previous arrangements for the shipment of the captioned order. A. asked B. to ask 　C. being asked 　　D. asking ( )4.In our letter of May 5, we made __________ clear that shipment is to be effected in June. A. you B. them 　C. that 　　D. it ( )5.We always deal _______________ payment by sight L/C. A. with　　　　　B. in 　　　C. at 　D. on ( )6.This offer is _____________ to your reply reaching us before the 20th of February. A. subjecting B. subject 　C. subjected D to subject ( )7.____________ we are appreciating the good quality of your black tea, we regret that your price appears to be on the high side. A. While　　　　B. When　　　　　C. However　　　　D. Therefore ( )8.We hereby authorize you to ___________ on us at 60 days after sight to the extent of USD20,000.00. A. open　　　　　B. establish　　　　　C. draw 　 D. build ( )9.If parties to a contract desire to settle disputes, an arbitration clause is usually made in the contract well before a dispute _____________ . A. rises B. arises C. look 　　D. appear ( )10.Some customers requested us to _____________ our price because they considered it too high. A. put down B. get down C. take down 　D. bring down
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1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core. 2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible. 3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature. 4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature variations. The favoured frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other. 5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years. 6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago. 7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages. 8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder. 9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation." 10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected. 11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible". Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that cause the temperature fluctuations. Questions 1-4 Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. A. Attila Grandpierre B. Gábor ágoston C. Neil Edwards D. Nigel Weiss E. Robert Ehrlich 1. ...claims there a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth. 2. ...calculated that the internal solar magnetic fields could produce instabilities in the solar plasma. 3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth. 4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all. Questions 5-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago. 6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another. 7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to eliminate the greenhouse effect. 8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating. 9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar temperature oscillation begins and when ends. Questions 10-14 Complete the notes below. Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet. The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold the temperature ...10...in the sun's interior, but the slight changes in the earth's ...11... alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12... can induce the temperature oscillations in the sun's interior. The sun's core temperature oscillates around its average temperature in ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the ...14... interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.
Employees who don’t have the energy to prepare meals after a long or difficult workday can take home a prepared meal.
Section D Even if you get work done and generally get along with co-workers, you could have habits that bug your boss (not to mention your officemates). While these quirks may not necessarily get you fired, they certainly can keep you from climbing the corporate ladder. We’ve uncovered a number of habits that bug your boss and offer tips on how to avoid them. According to LaRhonda Edwards, a human resources manager with thirteen years of HR experience, tardiness is one of the biggest concerns for managers. “If the normal work day starts at 8 o’clock, then the expectation is that you’re in the office ready to start your day,” she explains. Her advice to the chronically late? “Plan ahead,” she urges. “If you live 50 minutes away, you don’t leave 50 minutes early. Tag on extra time and anticipate road blocks.” Some people even set their clocks a few minutes early to ensure that they’re on time. Different bosses prefer different modes of communication. Lindsey Pollak, a workplace expert and author of Getting from College to Career, says if you text your boss and she prefers in-person meetings, “either your information won’t get across or you’ll irritate [her].” Fortunately, there’s a simple fix: ask your boss how and when to send updates. If you’re too shy to ask outright, then Pollak suggests observing how they communicate with you. “If you have a boss who communicates once a day by email, that’s the boss’ preferred frequency and method of communication,” explains Pollak. A cluttered, messy work space can give your boss the impression that you’re lazy or disorganized, so try to keep your desk neat. “Never put more on your desk than you’re going to work on for the day,” recommends Edwards. “At the end of the day, make sure you set up for the next day. I may be working on five things at once, but at the end of the day, they’re gone, and I set up for the next day.” Most managers would rather you ask a question than make a mistake, but many questions can be answered on your own. “Is this something you could Google or ask a colleague?” wonders Pollak. “The internet is so vast that a lot of information you can get yourself.” If you must approach your boss with a question or issue, then Pollak recommends brainstorming beforehand. “Rather than saying ‘This client is terrible. What should I do?’ think about potential solutions,” she says. Cell phones are practically ubiquitous in the workplace these days, but it’s still disruptive and disrespectful when they go off during a meeting. Edwards says that you should, “put your cell phone on vibrate or leave it in your own office so it’s not a distraction.” That way you won’t be tempted to text either ( )6.According to the article, how many pieces of advice are offered here? . A. Two B. Three C. Four D. Five(B) ( )7.What is this article about? . A. How to be successful in the workplace. B. How to communicate with your boss. C. How to avoid quirks that annoy your boss. D. How to utilize your mobile phones at work. ( )8.What does the phrase “to get across” in the sentence “…she prefers in-person meetings, “either your information won’t get across or you’ll irritate …” of the second paragraph mean? . A. To be communicated B. To be passed C. To be promoted D. To be anticipated(A) ( )9.According to the article, which of the following modes of communication is the best when communicating with your boss? . A. Any ways you think are appropriate. B. In-person meetings. C. Correspondence. D. The way your boss communicates with you.(D) ( )10.Which of the following statements is not mentioned? A. Employees should pay respect to their bosses anytime. B. Employees should plan beforehand so as to show up at work on time. C. Employees should not let their mobile phones go off during meetings. D. Employees should keep their desks neat and organized.
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Benefits system