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战略决策是解决()。

A、干什么
B、为什么干
C、干得如何
D、怎样干

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从决策的主体来划分,可以将决策分为()。

A、过程决策
B、组织决策
C、价值决策
D、个人决策
E、阶段决策

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学前教育管理学从哪几个方面研究学前教育现象

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组织文化的核心是()。

A、组织价值观
B、柔性管理
C、人本文化
D、增强凝聚力

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园所组织的管理目标可分为政治目标、经济目标等,这种分类是按照()。

A、层次
B、性质
C、时间
D、活动内容

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You are going to spend holidays in Hawaii in June. Suddenly you received a letter from an important customer,Mr. Elton Deland,who will arrive on 25th June and discuss the claim. You have to delay the trip till July. Write a short message to Ms. Anne Folster, your secretary. . Explain Why you postpone your trip. . Mention the date when Mr. Elton Deland will arrive. . Ask her to arrange your meeting. . Write 30-40words on your Answer Sheet.
We wish to express our desire to trade with you in leather shoes.
How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1.A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is.Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended.Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2.At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology，set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct.The idea is that，if a certain product is seen to be popular，shoppers are likely to choose it too.The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3.Enter smart-cart technology.In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag，a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer.As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product.If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too. 4.Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is，the one everyone else bought.The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets.But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work，and testing will get under way in the spring. 5.Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way.Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs.The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded，they followed the crowd.When the songs were not ordered by rank，but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed，the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced.People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. 6.In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly.Icosystem，a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts，also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales. 7.And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet.Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers.Even in the privacy of your home，you can still be part of the swarm. Questions 1-6 Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 1.Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products. 2.In shops，products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________. 3.According to Mr.Usmani，with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon，a new method can be applied to encourage _______________. 4.On the way to everyday items at the back of the store，shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________. 5.If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high，other customers tend to follow them. 6.Using the “swarm-moves” model，shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.
Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: There are ten incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write down the right answer in the brackets for each sentence. This section totals 10 points, one point for each sentence. ( )1.We can supply all the bicycles you required ____________ stock and are arranging shipment by M.V. Mermaid. A. for B. from 　C. to 　D. against ( )2.We would like to remind you that the __________ L/C must reach us before March 10 so that we can make shipment in good time. A. covering B. cover 　C. covered 　　D. being covered ( )3.We have received your letter of 28 March, ___________ us to modify the previous arrangements for the shipment of the captioned order. A. asked B. to ask 　C. being asked 　　D. asking ( )4.In our letter of May 5, we made __________ clear that shipment is to be effected in June. A. you B. them 　C. that 　　D. it ( )5.We always deal _______________ payment by sight L/C. A. with　　　　　B. in 　　　C. at 　D. on ( )6.This offer is _____________ to your reply reaching us before the 20th of February. A. subjecting B. subject 　C. subjected D to subject ( )7.____________ we are appreciating the good quality of your black tea, we regret that your price appears to be on the high side. A. While　　　　B. When　　　　　C. However　　　　D. Therefore ( )8.We hereby authorize you to ___________ on us at 60 days after sight to the extent of USD20,000.00. A. open　　　　　B. establish　　　　　C. draw 　 D. build ( )9.If parties to a contract desire to settle disputes, an arbitration clause is usually made in the contract well before a dispute _____________ . A. rises B. arises C. look 　　D. appear ( )10.Some customers requested us to _____________ our price because they considered it too high. A. put down B. get down C. take down 　D. bring down
Young people who commit serious crimes should be punished in the same way as adults. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
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The Brain and the Computer
Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes Sense A.　It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished. B.　This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay. C.　This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.” D.　Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe’s regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.” Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music. E.　Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple’s. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”. F.　The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM’s defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs’s argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right. Notes to Reading Passage 1 1. low-key: 抑制的，受约束的，屈服的 2. showman: 开展览会的人, 出风头的人物 3. unassuming: 谦逊的, 不夸耀的, 不装腔作势的 4. iPod： (苹果公司出产的)音乐播放器 5. iTunes store： (苹果公司出产的)在线音乐商店 6. get off person’s back: 不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠 7. gravitate: 受吸引，倾向于 8. unfazed: 不再担忧，不被打扰 Questions 1-7 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writer FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this 1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. 2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers. 3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another. 4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms. 5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling. 6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices. 7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market. Questions 8-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet. 8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs’ idea of DRM is NOT TRUE? A. DRM places restrictions on consumer’ choice of digital music products available. B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft. C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets. D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation. 9. The word “unfazed” in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________. A. refused B. welcomed C. not bothered D. not well received 10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped? A. Sony would gain the most profit. B. More customers would be “locked in”. C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur. D. Online-music sales would probably decrease. Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe’s regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.
SAS provides a free health clinic as well as an eldercare program that helps employees locate nursing care facilities for aging parents.
We are now exporting straw and willow products, embroideries, porcelain wares, jade carvings, antiques, Chinese paintings, silk flowers and various kinds of toys and gifts.