简述消费者的公平交易原则。-查字典考试网

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( )是商业道德规范的具体体现。

A、公平原则
B、平等原则
C、诚实信用原则
D、自愿原则

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《导游人员管理条例》规定，不得颁发导游证的情形主要有

A、无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的
B、患有传染性疾病的
C、受过刑事处罚的(过失犯罪的除外)
D、被吊销导游证的
E、受过旅游行政管理部门通报批评的

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股份制是现代企业的一种资本组织形式，是由社会各有关方面_______的经济形式。

A、自愿投资入股
B、自主经营
C、自负盈亏
D、自担风险

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导游人员可在车上向游客兜售旅游纪念品。

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导游员张某进行导游活动时，向旅游者兜售物品。对此，旅游行政管理部门不仅依法处罚张某，对委派张某的旅行社也应给予处罚。

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Don't wash those fossils! Standard museum practice can wash away DNA. 1.Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA. 2.Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves, and freezing samples as they are found, dirt and all, concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today. 3.Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be.This information, they say, needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones. 4.Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947, and stored in a museum collection, or in 2004, and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC. 5.The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed.The newly excavated fossils, however, all yielded DNA. 6.Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the same conditions, the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl."As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3,200 years before," she says. Wash in, wash out 7.Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone, their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl explains. 8.The biggest problem is how they are cleaned.Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath, which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones."Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in," says Geigl. 9.Most ancient DNA specialists know this already, says Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.But that doesn't mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils. 10.Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators, says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.And that only occurs in exceptional cases, he says. 11.P bo's team, which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA, continually faces these problems."When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains, there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA," he says. 12.This doesn't mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed, notes P bo.The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab, for example, had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way.But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations — just in case. Warm and wet 13.Geigl herself believes that, with cooperation between bench and field researchers, preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed. 14.Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions.DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place, and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated.For this reason, Geigl says, most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples, such as the woolly mammoth, or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves — including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils. 15.Better conservation methods, and a focus on fresh fossils, could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens, says Geigl.And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution. (640 words nature ) Glossary Palaeontologists 古生物学家 Aurochs 欧洲野牛 Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。 Permafrost (地理)永冻层 Questions 1-6 Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 1.How did people traditionally treat fossils? 2.What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done when fossils are found? 3.What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE. 4.What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed? 5.What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved? 6.The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers.How many of them are mentioned? Questions 7-11 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage. 7.In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences，Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserve ancient DNA. 8.The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs. 9.Geneticists don't have to work on site. 10.Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigl and her colleagues contain ancient DNA. 11.Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments of fossils in traditional way. Questions 12-13 Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer. 12.“This information” in paragraph 3 indicates: [A] It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA. [B] The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves. [C] Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones. [D] Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils. 13.The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests: [A] the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past. [B] the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered DNA. [C] the pace at which DNA degrades. [D] the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.
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1.The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels.But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of 'good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease. 2.Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib，a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).In a trial of 15000 patients，a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone. 3.The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease."There have been no red flags to my knowledge," says John Chapman，a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib."This cancellation came as a complete shock." 4.Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs，which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body.Specifically，torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP)，which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density，plaque-promoting ones.Statins，in contrast，mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-density lipoproteins. Under pressure 5.Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired，something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer.One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients.It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug.But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure.If blood pressure is the explanation，it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound.Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall. 6.But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed，says Moti Kashyap，who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach，California.When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver，they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process.So inhibiting CETP，which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL，might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body."You're blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway," says Kashyap.Going up 7.Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients.But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood.One approved drug，called niacin，is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling.Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone.Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by，for example，introducing synthetic HDLs."The only thing we know is dead in the water is torcetrapib，not the whole idea of raising HDL," says Michael Miller，director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center，Baltimore. Questions 7-13 Match torcetrapib，HDLs，statin and CETP with their functions (Questions 8-13)..Write the correct letter A，B，C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once. 7.It has been administered to over 10,000 subjects in a clinical trial. 8.It could help rid human body of cholesterol. 9.Researchers are yet to find more about it. 10.It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol. 11.According to Kashyap，it might lead to unwanted result if it's blocked. 12.It produced contradictory results in different trials. 13.It could inhibit LDLs.List of choices A.TorcetrapicB.HDLSC.StatinD.CETP
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