依《商标法》的规定,商标专用权应当授予符合法定条件的()。

A、商标使用人
B、商标申请人
C、商标设计人
查看答案
正确答案:

B

答案解析:

暂无解析

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Don'twashthosefossils!

StandardmuseumpracticecanwashawayDNA.

1.Washing,brushingandvarnishingfossils—allstandardconservationtreatmentsusedbymanyfossilhuntersandmuseumcuratorsalike—vastlyreducesthechancesofrecoveringancientDNA.

2.Instead,excavatorsshouldbehandlingatleastsomeoftheirbountywithgloves,andfreezingsamplesastheyarefound,dirtandall,concludesapaperintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencestoday.

3.AlthoughmanypalaeontologistsknowanecdotallythatthisisthebestwaytouptheoddsofextractinggoodDNA,Eva-MariaGeigloftheJacquesMonodInstituteinParis,France,andhercolleagueshavenowshownjusthowimportantconservationpracticescanbe.Thisinformation,theysay,needstobehammeredhomeamongthepeoplewhoareactuallyoutinthefielddiggingupbones.

4.Geiglandhercolleagueslookedat3,200-year-oldfossilbonesbelongingtoasingleindividualofanextinctcattlespecies,calledanaurochs.ThefossilsweredugupatasiteinFranceattwodifferenttimes—eitherin1947,andstoredinamuseumcollection,orin2004,andconservedinsterileconditionsat-20oC.

5.Theteam'sattemptstoextractDNAfromthe1947bonesallfailed.Thenewlyexcavatedfossils,however,allyieldedDNA.

6.Becausetheboneshadbeenburiedforthesameamountoftime,andinthesameconditions,theconservationmethodhadtobetoblamesaysGeigl."AsmuchDNAwasdegradedinthese57yearsasinthe3,200yearsbefore,"shesays.

Washin,washout

7.Becausemanypalaeontologistsbasetheirworkontheshapeoffossilsalone,theirmethodsofconservationarenotdesignedtopreserveDNA,Geiglexplains.

8.Thebiggestproblemishowtheyarecleaned.Fossilsareoftenwashedtogetheron-siteinalargebath,whichcanallowwater—andcontaminantsintheformofcontemporaryDNA—topermeateintotheporousbones."NotonlyistheauthenticDNAgettingwashedout,butcontaminationisgettingwashedin,"saysGeigl.

9.MostancientDNAspecialistsknowthisalready,saysHendrikPoinar,anevolutionarygeneticistatMcMasterUniversityinOntario,Canada.Butthatdoesn'tmeanthatbestpracticehasbecomewidespreadamongthosewhoactuallyfindthefossils.

10.GettingholdoffossilsthathavebeenpreservedwiththeirDNAinmindreliesoncloserelationshipsbetweenlab-basedgeneticistsandtheexcavators,sayspalaeogeneticistSvantePbooftheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropologyinLeipzig,Germany.Andthatonlyoccursinexceptionalcases,hesays.

11.Pbo'steam,whichhasbeensequencingNeanderthalDNA,continuallyfacestheseproblems."WhenyouwanttostudyancienthumanandNeanderthalremains,there'sabigissueofcontaminationwithcontemporaryhumanDNA,"hesays.

12.Thisdoesn'tmeanthatallmuseumspecimensarefatallyflawed,notesPbo.TheNeanderthalfossilsthatwererecentlysequencedinhisownlab,forexample,hadbeenpartofamuseumcollectiontreatedinthetraditionalway.ButPboiskeentoseesamplesoffossilsfromeverymajorfindpreservedinlinewithGeigl'srecommendations—justincase.

Warmandwet

13.Geiglherselfbelievesthat,withcooperationbetweenbenchandfieldresearchers,preservingfossilsproperlycouldopenupavenuesofdiscoverythathavelongbeenassumedclosed.

14.Muchhumanculturaldevelopmenttookplaceintemperateregions.DNAdoesnotsurvivewellinwarmenvironmentsinthefirstplace,andcanvanishwhenfossilsarewashedandtreated.Forthisreason,Geiglsays,mostancientDNAstudieshavebeendoneonpermafrostsamples,suchasthewoollymammoth,oronremainsshelteredfromtheelementsincoldcaves—includingcavebearandNeanderthalfossils.

15.Betterconservationmethods,andafocusonfreshfossils,couldboostDNAextractionfrommoredelicatespecimens,saysGeigl.Andthatcouldshedmorelightonthestoryofhumanevolution.

(640wordsnature)

Glossary

Palaeontologists古生物学家

Aurochs欧洲野牛

Neanderthal(人类学)尼安德特人,旧石器时代的古人类。

Permafrost(地理)永冻层

Questions1-6

AnswerthefollowingquestionsbyusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

1.Howdidpeopletraditionallytreatfossils?

2.WhatsuggestionsdoGeiglandhercolleaguesgiveonwhatshouldbedonewhenfossilsarefound?

3.Whatproblemsmaybeposediffossilbonesarewashedon-site?NameONE.

4.WhatcharacteristicdofossilboneshavetomakethemsusceptibletobecontaminatedwithcontemporaryDNAwhentheyarewashed?

5.Whatcouldbebetterunderstoodwhenconservationtreatmentsareimproved?

6.Thepassagementionedseveralanimalspeciesstudiedbyresearchers.Howmanyofthemarementioned?

Questions7-11

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?PleasewriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththewriterFALSEifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriterNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage.

7.IntheirpaperpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,GeiglandhercolleagueshaveshownwhatconservationpracticesshouldbefollowedtopreserveancientDNA.

8.ThefossilbonesthatGeiglandhercolleaguesstudiedareallfromthesameaurochs.

9.Geneticistsdon'thavetoworkonsite.

10.OnlynewlyexcavatedfossilbonesusingnewconservationmethodssuggestedbyGeiglandhercolleaguescontainancientDNA.

11.Paaboisstillworriedaboutthepotentialproblemscausedbytreatmentsoffossilsintraditionalway.

Questions12-13

CompletethefollowingthestatementsbychoosingletterA-Dforeachanswer.

12.“Thisinformation”inparagraph3indicates:

[A]ItiscriticaltofollowproperpracticesinpreservingancientDNA.

[B]ThebestwayofgettinggoodDNAistohandlefossilswithgloves.

[C]Fossilhuntersshouldwearhome-madehammerswhilediggingupbones.

[D]Manypalaeontologistsknowhowoneshoulddointreatingfossils.

13.ThestudyconductedbyGeiglandhercolleaguessuggests:

[A]thefactthatancientDNAcannotberecoveredfromfossilbonesexcavatedinthepast.

[B]thecorrelationbetweentheamountofburyingtimeandthatoftherecoveredDNA.

[C]thepaceatwhichDNAdegrades.

[D]thecorrelationbetweenconservationpracticesanddegradationofDNA.

Wefindbothpriceandqualityofyourproductssatisfactorytoourclientandwearepleasedtogiveyouaorderfortheitemsonthissheet.

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工作压力过重会导致抑郁,焦虑,甚至自杀。

Thelocalgovernmentwill_____morecollegesformorestudentstoreceivehighereducation.

A、setout
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