Onceitwaspossibletodefinemaleandfemaleroleseasilybythedivisionoflabor.Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilies,whilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeople,andtherewasnotmuchopportunityforwomentoexchangetheirroles.Butbythemiddleofthiscentury,men’sandwomen’sroleswerebecominglessfirmlyfixed.

Inthe1950s,economicandsocialsuccesswasthegoalofthetypicalAmerican.Butinthe1960sanewforcedevelopedcalledthecounterculture.Thepeopleinvolvedinthismovementdidnotvaluethemiddle-classAmericangoals.Thecounterculturepresentedmenandwomenwithnewrolechoices.Takingmoreinterestinchildcare,menbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infact,someyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes.Inaddition,manyAmericansdidnotvaluethetraditionalmaleroleofsoldier.SomeyoungmenrefusedtobedraftedassoldierstofightinthewarinVietnam.

Intermsofnumbers,thecounterculturewasnotaverylargegroupofpeople.ButitsinfluencespreadtomanypartsofAmericansociety.Workingmenofallclassesbegantochangetheireconomicandsocialpatterns.Industrialworkersandbusinessexecutivesalikecutdownon“overtime”worksothattheycouldspendmoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies.Somedoctors,lawyers,andteachersturnedawayfromhighpayingsituationstopracticetheirprofessionsinpoorerneighborhoods.

Inthe1970s,thefeministmovement,orwomen’sliberation,producedadditionaleconomicandsocialchanges.Womenofallagesandatalllevelsofsocietywereenteringtheworkforceingreaternumbers.Mostofthemstilltooktraditionalwomen’sjobsaspublicschoolteaching,nursing,andsecretarialwork.Butsomewomenbegantoentertraditionallymaleoccupations:policework,banking,dentistry,andconstructionwork.Womenwereaskingforequalwork,andequalopportunitiesforpromotion.

Todaytheexpertsgenerallyagreethatimportantchangesaretakingplaceintherolesofmenandwomen.Naturally,therearedifficultiesinadjustingtothesetransformations.

1.WhichofthefollowingbestexpressthemainideaofParagraph1?

A.Womenusuallyworkedoutsidethehomeforwages.

B.Menandwomen’sroleswereeasilyexchangedinthepast.

C.Men’srolesathomeweremorefirmlyfixedthanwomen’s.

D.Menandwomen’sroleswereusuallyquiteseparatedinthepast.

2.WhichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofParagraph2?

A.Thefirstsentence.

B.Thesecondandthethirdsentences.

C.Thefourthsentence.

D.Thelastsentence.

3.Inthepassagetheauthorproposesthatthecounterculture___.

A.destroyedtheUnitedStates.

B.transformedsomeAmericanvalues.

C.wasnotimportantintheUnitedStates.

D.broughtpeoplemoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies.

4.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethat___.

A.menandwomenwillneversharethesamegoals.

B.somemenwillbewillingtoexchangetheirtraditionalmaleroles.

C.mostmenwillbehappytosharesomeofthehouseholdresponsibilitieswiththeirwives.

D.moreAmericanhouseholdsareheadedbywomenthaneverbefore.

5.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe___.

A.ResultsofFeministMovements

B.NewinfluenceinAmericanLife

C.CountercultureandItsconsequence

D.TraditionalDivisionofMaleandFemaleRoles.

翻译训练：普通话与方言

中国土地广阔，人口众多。尽管全国都讲汉语，但是不同地区的人说汉语的方式不同，这被称为方言。方言一般被称为地方话，是汉语在不同地区的分支，只在特定地区使用。汉语方言非常复杂。它们有以下三方面不同：发音、词汇和语法。发音的区别最为显著。2000多年前，中国人发现社交时应该使用统一的语言。和方言相比，普通话(mandarin)能被所有人理解。普通话有利于不同种族、地区人民之间的信息传递和文化交流。

PartIIVocabularyandStructure

Directions:Inthisparttherearefortyincompletesentences.Eachsentenceisfollowedbyfourchoices.ChoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceandthenmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.

21.Agreatmanycancerscanbecuredbutonlyifbeforetheyhavebeguntospreadorcolonizeinotherpartsofthebody.

A.properlytreat

B.properlytreating

C.beingproperlytreated

D.properlytreated

22.sheisalikeablegirl,sheisverydifficulttoworkwith.

A.SinceB.HoweverC.AsfarasD.While

23.Allthetouristsgavetherobbertheirmoney.

A.frightenedB.frighteningC.frightenD.frightful

24.herage,shereallydidagoodjobinsuchashorttime.

A.GivingB.GivesC.GiveD.Given

25.Thesoldierwaswithneglectinghisduty.

A.chargedB.conductedC.chargedD.committed

26.Thereasonwhythecarstoppedwas.

A.becausetheroadwasnotgoodB.thattheroadwasnotgood

C.duetothebadroadD.becauseofthebadroad

27.You’dbetterhurry,youmightbelateforclass.

A.orB.andC.unlessD.but

28.,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.

A.ItwasexpectedB.Whichwasexpected

C.AswasexpectedD.Thatwasexpected

29.ThedoctorfeltJohn’sarmtoifthebonewasbroken.

A.workoutB.findoutC.lookatD.seeout

30.Hejustmysuggestionatthemeetingyesterday.

A.putawayB.shutdownC.showedoffD.brushedaside

31.Thequestionatthenextmeetingremainasecret.

A.discussedB.todiscussC.tobediscussedD.beingdiscussed

32.Hislazinesshisfailureinthefinalexam.

A.gaveupB.contributedC.resultedinD.distributed

33.Theteacher’stomystatementaboutthispoetledmetoreadwidelyaboutpoems.

A.changeB.chargeC.challengeD.chance

34.Onmostofthenights,Janereadinglettersfromherboyfriend.

A.stayedoffB.stayedonC.stayedoutD.stayedup

35.Thefirst-yearstudentswerelearningformthearmyinMiyun,asuburbofBeijingnearIlived.

A.whatB.whereC.thatD.which

36.Lyndaandhundredsofyoungpeoplelikehimthepostoftypist.

A.approachedB.appliedforC.appealedtoD.approvedof

37.Anybodyisentitledtosuchbenefitofageorsex.

A.regardlessB.whetherC.inspiteD.incase

38.Inthisbuildingeachapartmentcouldafamilyofsix.

A.houseB.coverC.makeD.include

39.Itriedtogetoutofthebusiness,Ifoundimpossible.

A.whoB.whichC.thatD.what

40.Whenheexplaineditagainandagain,thestudent’spatience.

A.ranoverB.ranonC.ranoutD.ranoff

41.WhenherneighborGrandmaWangbecameill,thegirloften.

A.fittedinB.workedoutC.heldbackD.helpedout

42.Ifyoureallywanttoapplyforthedangerousjob,Iwon’t,thoughtIthinkit’sacrazyidea.

A.stoodinyourwayB.standontheway

C.standinyourwayD.standbytheway

43.Hewastryingtoread;,thephonekeptringing.

A.meanwhileB.thenC.laterD.afterwards

44.Iamoutofthosepeoplewholikeastrenuous(费力的)holiday;Ibelievein.

A.tookiteasyB.takeniteasy

C.takingiteasyD.takingiteasily

45.Thepolicematchedthefingerprintsandfoundtheywere.

A.equivalentB.identicalC.similarD.equal

46.Formally,intheUnitedStates,manynursesworkedasprivatedutynursesinhospitals.

A.otherthanB.morethanC.lessthanD.ratherthan

47.Ifyoudon’tmind.Idomyhomeworkthanplaycardswithyou.

A.hadbetterB.preferC.wouldratherD.wouldlike

48.Theirideawastogetustothestrikeatonce.

A.callatB.calloffC.callinD.callfor

49.MycarsoIhadtocomebybus.

A.felldownB.brokedownC.felloverD.turnedaway

50.Icouldtellhewassurprisedfromtheonhisface.

A.appearanceB.sightC.expressionD.explanation

51.Whichis,NorthAmericaorSouthAmerica?

A.biggestB.thebiggestC.morebiggestD.bigger

52.Youshouldobservecarefullyhowtheaudiencehisspeech.

A.reachtoB.refertoC.reacttoD.relateto

53.Thesefarmersgotagoodharvestlastyear,sotheyabigsumofmoneyfornewfarmmachines.

A.setasideB.setaboutC.setupD.setback

54.Oneofmysayingsis“wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”

A.likelyB.favorableC.alikeD.favorite

55.Allisacontinuoussupplyoffueloil.

A.whatisneededB.thatisneeded

C.thethingisneededD.fortheirneeds

56.Thehighincometaxisharmfulitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.

A.inthatB.thatC.inwhichD.which

57.Anewtechniqueout,theyieldincreasesby20%.

A.havingworkingB.havingbeenworked

C.atalossD.forgood

58.Thebirdflewintotheairandwassoon.

A.outofsightB.inahurryC.atalossD.forgood

59.ItisdecidedthatheforabustomeettheguestsfromBeijing.

A.callB.callsC.arrangeD.arranges

60.Iknowit’snotimportantbutIcan’thelpaboutit.

A.tothinkB.thinkingC.andthinkD.beingthought

Passage2

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Thefoodweeatseemstohaveprofoundeffectsonourhealth.Althoughsciencehasmadeenormousstepsinmakingfoodmorefittoeat,ithas,atthesametime,mademanyfoodsunfittoeat.Someresearchhasshowntat40percentofcancerisrelatedtothedietaswell,especiallycancerofthecolon.Differentculturesatemorepronetogetcertainillnessesbecauseofthefoodthatischaracteristicinthesecultures.Thatfoodisrelatedtoillnessisnotanewdiscovery.In1945,governmentresearchersrealizedthatnitratesandnitrites,commonlyusedtopreservecolorinmeats,andotherfoodadditives,causedcancer.Yetthesecarcinogenicadditivesremaininourfood,anditbecomesmoredifficultallthetimetoknowwhichthingsonthepackaginglabelsofprocessedfoodarehelpfulorharmful.Theadditivesthatweeatarenotallsodirect.Farmersoftengivepenicillintobeefandpoultry,andbecauseofthis,penicillinhasbeenfoundinthemilkoftreatedcows.Sometimessimilardrugsareadministeredtoanimalsnotformedicinalpurposes,butforfinancialreasons.Thefarmersaresimplytryingtofattentheanimalsinordertoobtainahigherpriceonthemarket.AlthoughtheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)hastriedrepeatedlytocontroltheseprocedures,thepracticescontinue.

6.Howhassciencedoneadisservicetomankind?

A.Becauseofscience,mostofthefoodsweeattodayarecontaminated.

B.Ithascausedalackofinformationconcerningthevalueoffood.

C.Asaresultofscientificintervention,somepotentiallyharmfulsubstanceshasbeenaddedtoourfood.

D.Thescientistshavepreservedthecolorofmeats,butnotofvegetables.

7.Whatarenitratesusedfor?

A.Theypreservesflavorinpackagedfoods.

B.Theypreservethecolorofmeats.

C.Theyaretheobjectsofresearch.

D.Theycausetheanimalstobecomefatter.

8.TheFDAhastriedrepeatedlytocontrol.

A.theattempttofattentheanimals

B.theattempttocuresickanimals

C.theusingofdrugstoanimals

D.theusingofadditivestopreservethedoloroffood

9.Theword“carcinogenic”meansmostnearlythesameas.

A.trouble-makingB.color-retaining

C.money-savingD.cancer-causing

10.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.Drugsarealwaysgiventoanimalsformedicalreasons.

B.Someoftheadditivesinourfoodareaddedtothefooditselfandsomearegiventothelivinganimals.

C.Researchershaveknownaboutthepotentialhazardsofthefoodadditivesforoverthirty-fiveyears.

D.Foodmaycausefortypercentofcancerintheworld.

Inthelast12yearstotalemploymentintheUnitedStatesgrewfasterthanatanytimeinthepeacetimehistoryofanycountry–from82to110millionbetween1973and1985–thatis,byafullonethird.Theentiregrowth,however,wasinmanufacturing,andespeciallyinno–blue-collarjobs…

Thistrendisthesameinalldevelopedcountries,andis,indeed,evenmorepronouncedinJapan.Itisthereforehighlyprobablethatin25yearsdevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanwillemploynolargeraproportionofthelaborforceInmanufacturingthandevelopedcountriesnowemployinfarming–atmost,10percent.TodaytheUnitedStatesemploysaround18millionpeopleinblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingindustries.By2010,thenumberislikelytobenomorethan12million.Insomemajorindustriesthedropwillbeevensharper.Itisquiteunrealistic,forinstance,toexpectthattheAmericanautomobileindustrywillemploymorethanone–thirdofitspresentblue-collarforce25yearshence,eventhoughproductionmightbe50percenthigher.

Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesametimesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitive–oreventoremain“developed.”Theattempttopreservesuchblue–collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment…

ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.WhatconfusestheissueevenmoreitthattheUnitedStatesisexperiencingseveralseparateanddifferentshiftsinthemanufacturingeconomy.Oneistheaccelerationofthesubstitutionofknowledgeandcapitalformanuallabor.Wherewespokeofmechanizationafewdecadesago,wenowspeakof“robotization“or“automation.”Thisisactuallymoreachangeinterminologythanachangeinreality.WhenHenryFordintroducedtheassemblylinein1909,hecutthenumberofman–hoursrequiredtoproduceamotorcarbysome80percentintwoorthreeyears–farmorethananyoneexpectstoresultfromeventhemostcompleterobotization.Butthereisnodoubtthatwearefacinganew,sharpaccelerationinthereplacementofmanualworkersbymachines–thatis,bytheproductsofknowledge.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,theshrinkageinthemanufacturinglaborforcedemonstrates______.

A.thedegreetowhichacountry’sproductionisrobotized

B.areductioninacountry’smanufacturingindustries

C.aworseningrelationshipbetweenlaborandmanagement

D.thedifferencebetweenadevelopedcountryandadevelopingcountry

2.Accordingtotheauthor,incoming25years,adevelopedcountryorindustry,inordertremaincompetitive,oughtto______.

A.reducethepercentageoftheblue-collarworkforce

B.preserveblue–collarjobsforinternationalcompetition

C.acceleratemotor–canmanufacturinginHenryFord’sstyle

D.solvetheproblemofunemployment

3.Americanpoliticiansandlaborleaderstendtodislike_____.

A.confusioninmanufacturingeconomy

B.anincreaseinblue–collarworkforce

C.internalcompetitioninmanufacturingproduction

D.adropintheblue–collarjobopportunities

4.Theword“prescription”in“aprescriptionforunemployment”maybetheequivalentto______

A.somethingrecommendedasmedicaltreatment

B.awaysuggestedtoovercomesomedifficulty

C.somemeasurestakeninadvance

D.adevicetodire

5.Thispassagemayhavebeenexceptedfrom________

A.amagazineaboutcapitalinvestment

B.anarticleonautomation

C.amotor-carmagazine

D.anarticleonglobaleconomy