简述国际铁路货物运输中的货物运输保险与货物保价运输的区别和特点。
货物运输保险是保险公司办理的社会保险形式，由社会团体所有成员分担损失的一种风险防范机制，而保险公司对于运输过程并没有相应的监察和保障措施手段。.而铁路保价运输则是由运输工具承运人直接办理的运输责任补偿，其货运事故、损失是直接与铁路运输责任人联系的。铁路运输企业通过加强对货物运输全过程的管理，用相应的铁路法规文件和严格的岗位责任制度，加强和改进各种安全防范措施、最大限度地防止、减少和降低货物损失，充分尊重和维护托运人的合法权益。
从理论上讲，保价运输和运输保险的区别如下：
(1)责任依据的法律不同：保价责任的法律依据是铁路运输法规，而保险依据的法律是保险法规。
(2)责任基础不同。保价责任的基础主要是因铁路责任造成的损失;保险责任主要是因自然灾害、意外事故等非人为因素造成的损失。根据货物运输保险条款的规定，保险货物因为铁路责任造成的损失，保险人向投保人补偿后，有向铁路追赔的权利。
(3)目的不同。保价的目的是为了解决铁路限额赔偿不足以补偿托运人损失而设立的一种特殊的运输制度;保险的目的是为了解决因自然灾害、意外事故而造成的经济损失的社会救济问题。前者是运输责任的延续，后者是一种社会补偿的方式。
(4)对货物运输的安全管理不同。货物保价运输是运输合同的组成部分，铁路作为承保人是合同的一方，直接参加货物的运输工作，有条件对保价货物采取特殊的安全管理措施，对铁路保价运输的货物实行负责运输。费、边境口岸的交接换装费、委托代理交付到达国和过境国的铁路运费，直到到达站的车板交货。
(2)货主或发货人在托运货物时，只交纳发运国从发站到边境的发运国铁路运费和在货物出境前的所有杂费，而出境后的换装费、到达国的铁路运费和到达站的所有杂费则由收货人在提取货物时，向到达车站交付。
(3)货主或发货人在托运发往第三国货物时，交纳从发站到边境口岸站的发运国铁路运杂费，而过境国的铁路运杂费可以由发货人或收货人在过境国的代理交付，到达国的铁路运杂费，则由收货人在提取货物时，向到达车站交付。
暂无解析
某项工程，钢筋混凝土大板结构，地下2层，地上18层，基础为筏板基础。目前工程已完工，正准备进行竣工验收。
请回答以下问题：
(1)工程项目进行竣工验收包括哪两方面的内容?
(2)资料员在工程项目上有哪些工作职责?
(3)作为一个资料员除了本身有认真、负责的工作态度外，你认为还需要掌握和了解哪些与工程有关的知识?
“三榜”公示是指什么？
某公司中标承建中压 A燃气管线工程，管道直径 DN30mm，长 26km，合同价 3600 万元。管道沟槽开挖过程中，遇到地质勘查时未探明的废弃砖沟，经现场监理工程口头同意，施工项目部组织人员、机具及时清除了砖沟，进行换填级配砂石处理，使工程增加了合同外的工作量。项目部就此向发包方提出计量支付，遭到计量工程师拒绝。监理工程师在工程检查中发现： (1) 现场正在焊接作业的两名焊工是公司临时增援人员，均已在公司总部从事管理岗位半年以上;(2) 管道准备连接施焊的数个坡口处有油渍等杂物。检查后向项目部发出整改通知。
问题
1. 项目部处理废弃砖沟在程序上是否妥当?如不妥当，写出正确的程序。
2. 简述计量工程师拒绝此项计量支付的理由。
3. 两名新增焊接人员是否符合上岗条件?为什么 ?
4. 管道连接施焊的坡口处应如何处理方能符合有关规范的要求?
背景：
某既有综合楼进行重新能够修，该工程共12层，层高3.6m，第五层以上为标准层， 每层建筑面积 1200平方米，施工内容宝库哟原有装饰装修工程拆除、新建筑地面、抹灰、门窗、吊顶、轻质隔墙、饰面板(砖)幕墙、涂饰、裱糊与软包、细部工程施工等。工期为2006 年7月6日开工， 2006 年12月28日竣工。
问题：
1、 按照过程控制方法，建筑工程质量验收由哪些过程?
2、 该装饰装修工程子分部质量验收时，应检查有关安全和功能的检测项目有哪些?
3、 该装饰装修工程应何时组织进行室内环境质量验收?
4、 该装饰装修工程观感质量验收包括哪些项目?是如何确定评价?
简述建筑电气安装工程中的预检主要内容是什么?
背景资料：
某写字楼工程，地下1层，地上15层，框架剪力墙结构。首层中厅高12 米，施工单位的项目部编制的模板支架施工方案是满堂扣件式钢管脚手架，方案由项目部技术负责人审批后实施。施工中，某工人在中厅高空搭设脚手架时随手将扳白手放在脚手架上，脚手架受振动后扳手从上面滑落，顺着楼板预留洞口(平面尺寸0.25m×0.50m)砸到在地下室施工的王姓工人头部。由于王姓工人认为在室内的楼板下作业没有危险，故没有戴安全帽，被砸成重伤。
问题：
1. 分析该起安全事故的原因。
2. 写出该模板支架施工方案正确的审批程序。
3. 扳手放在脚手架上是否正确?说明理由。
4. 何谓“三宝”和“四口”?本例的预留洞口应如何防护?
Part III Cloze
Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices. Choose the one that best fits into the passage and then marks your answer on the Answer Sheet.
What makes a child speak a language has long been a puzzle to linguists. 61 speaking, there are two schools of linguists, both of whom try to explain 62 a child picks up a language so easily. The fact that a child picks a language 63 is 64 : At one year old, a child is able to say “bye-bye”; at two, he is able to use fifty; by there he begins to 65 tenses. The famous American linguist Noam Chomsky 66 that human being have a sort of built-in system for language use, and that the 67 is 68 . Children are not taught language 69 they are taught arithmetic. Other linguists, 70 , hold the view that a child learns 71 of his language from the hints in the environment. 72 , theorists of both schools 73 that there is a biological basis for language use. The 74 is which is more important, the inner ability or the environment. This is certainly a field 75 to be explored. Researchers from both schools are busy finding evidence to 76 their own theory, but 77 side is persuading the other.
It seems that in order to 78 why a child learns a language so easily, we have to 79 the joint efforts of both schools. Some linguist, like De Villiers, has recognized the value of cooperation, and 80 linguists of both sides to work together.
61. A. Surprisingly B. Personally C. Properly D. Roughly
62. A. that B. when C. why D. how
63. A. independently B. naturally C. without help D. with ease
64. A. confusing B. surprising C. questioned D. suspected
65. A. master B. study C. have D. get
66. A. doubts B. believes C. realizes D. criticizes
67. A. help B. teacher C. environment D. hint
68. A. quite essential B. very important C. not necessary D. only secondary
69. A. as B. for C. when D. though
70. A. in particular B. as a result C. however D. therefore
71. A. a little B. some C. nothing D. most
72. A. Before B. From now on C. Just now D. By now
73. A. suspect B. disagree C. agree D. realize
74. A. case B. argument C. problem D. question
75. A. waiting B. planning C. never D. unlikely
76. A. provide B. create C. supply D. support
77. A. not a B. one C. neither D. either
78. A. find out B. rule out C. search for D. look for
79. A. get rid of B. trust in C. rely on D. persist in
80. A. ordered B. criticized C. challenged D. urged
某段新建双线铁路的一段软土地基，设计的处理措施是浆喷搅拌桩。浆喷搅拌桩施工中，取芯发现少数桩体的无侧限抗压强度不足，调查中排除了水泥质量问题，水泥出厂到保管场所保护很好。
问题：
1.简述浆喷搅拌桩的作用原理以及施工步骤。
2.桩体的无侧限抗压强度不足，请分析发生质量问题的原因可能在哪几方面?
3.质量问题出现后应采取什么措施来解决?
“五防”应该能实现哪5种防误功能?
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has , atthe same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer the colon . Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food related to llness is not a new discovery. In 1945 , government researchers realized that itrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food dditives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, nd it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the pack ging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to controlthese procedures, the practices continue.
48. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. Food and our health
B Food and additives
C. Food and cancer
D Food and culture
49 All of the following statements are true EXCEPT_______.
A Forty percent of cancer is caused by problems related to food.
B Researchers have known about the potential danger of food additivesfor many years
C. We eat some of the food additives directly and some indirectly
D Drugs are always given to animals for medicinal purposes
50. Why do farmers give drugs to their animals?
A. to speed up the growth of animals
B To make theanimals fatter
C to make the animals ’ meat fit to eat
D To make the animals’ meat rich in nutrients
51. It can be inferred from the passage that_________.
A scientist have made all the food fit to eat
B only in recent years have people found that the food is related to one’s illness
C all kinds of cancer are related to the diet
D some additives are harmful to our health
52. The word “ this ”in the second sentence of paragraph 2 most probablyrefers to __________.
A farmer
B penicillin
C beef and poultry
D the fact that farmers often give penicillin to a beef