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公开招标和邀请招标的区别?

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正确答案:

公开招标是指招标人以招标公告的方式邀请不特定的法人或者其它组织招标投标。邀请招标,是指招标人以投标邀请书的方式邀请特定的法人或者其它组织竞标。采用公开招标可为所有的承包商提供一个平等竞争的机会,业主有较大的选择余地,有利于降低工程造价,提高工程质量和缩短工期;而邀请招标的这种招标方式,由于被邀请的标者为数有限,不仅能节省招标费用,而且能提高每个投标者的中标机率,所以对招标、投标双方都有利。

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FelicityLawrence ThursdayDecember28,2006 TheGuardian 1.ConsumersaretobepresentedwithtworivalnewyearadvertisingcampaignsastheFoodStandardsAgencygoespublicinitsbattlewiththeindustryoverthelabellingofunhealthyfoods. 2.TheGuardianhaslearnedthattheFSAwilllaunchaseriesof10-secondtelevisionadvertsinJanuarytellingshoppershowtofollowared,amberandgreentrafficlightlabellingsystemonthefrontoffoodpacks,whichisdesignedtotackleBritain’sobesityepidemic. 3.Thecampaignisadirectresponsetoaconcertedattemptbyleadingfoodmanufacturersandretailers,includingKellogg’sandTesco,toderailthesystem.Theindustryfearsthattrafficlightswoulddemoniseentirecategoriesoffoodsandcouldseriouslydamagethemarketforthosethatarefatty,saltyorhighinsugar. 4.TheUKmarketforbreakfastcerealsisworth£1.27bnayearandthemanufacturersfearitwillbeseverelydentedifredlightlabelsareputonpackagingdrawingattentiontothefactthatthemajorityarehighinsaltand/orsugar. 5.Theindustryisplanningamajormarketingcampaignforacompetinglabellingsystemwhichavoidscolour-codinginfavourofinformationaboutthepercentageof"guidelinedailyamounts"(GDAs)offat,saltandsugarcontainedintheirproducts. 6.Thebattleforthenation’sdietcomesasnewrulesontelevisionadvertisingcomeintoforceinJanuarywhichwillbaradvertsforunhealthyfoodsfromcommercialbreaksduringprogrammesaimedatchildren.SourcesattheTVregulatorsarebracedforalegalchallengefromtheindustryandhavedescribedthelobbyingeffortstoblockanynewadbanorcolour-codedlabellingas"themostferociouswe’veeverexperienced". 7.Ofcom’schiefexecutive,EdRichards,said:"Wearepreparedtofaceuptoanylegalactionfromtheindustry,butweverymuchhopeitwillnotbenecessary."TheFSAsaiditwasexpectinganonslaughtfromtheindustryinJanuary.SeniorFSAofficialssaidthemanufacturers’effortstoundermineitsproposalsonlabellingcouldthreatentheagency’scredibility. 8.TerrenceCollis,FSAdirectorofcommunications,dismissedclaimsthattheproposalswerenotbasedonscience."WehavesomeofthemostrespectedscientistsinEurope,bothwithintheFSAandinourindependentadvisorycommittees.ItisunjustifiedandnonsensicaltoattacktheFSA’sscientificreputationandtotrytoundermineitscredibility." 9.TheFSAisunderstoodtohavebriefeditsadagency,United,beforeChristmas,andwillaimtoairadsthatare"non-confrontational,humorousandfactual"asacounterweighttoindustry’seffortsaboutthesametime.Theagency,however,willhaveatinyfractionofthebudgetavailabletotheindustry. 10.GavinNeath,chairmanofUnileverUKandpresidentoftheFoodandDrinkFederation,hassaidthattheindustryhasmadeenormousprogressbutcouldnotacceptred"stop"signsonitsfood. 11.AlastairSykes,chiefexecutiveofNestléUK,saidthatundertheFSAproposalsallhiscompany’sconfectioneryandmostofitscerealswouldscoreared."Arewesayingpeopleshouldn’teatconfectionery?We’redrivenbyconsumersandwhattheywant,andmuchofwhatwedohasbeentomakeourproductshealthier,"hesaid. 12.ChrisWermann,directorofcommunicationsatKellogg’s,said:"Inprinciplewecouldneveraccepttrafficlightlabelling." 13.TherivallabellingschemeintroducedbyKellogg’s,Danone,Unilever,Nestlé,KraftandTescoandnowfavouredby21manufacturers,usesanindustry-devisedsystembasedonidentifyingGDAsofkeynutrients.TescosaysithastestedbothtrafficlightsandGDAlabelsinitsstoresandthatthelatterincreasedsalesofhealthierfoods. 14.ButtheFSAsaiditcouldnotlivewiththisGDAsystemalonebecauseitwas"notscientific"oreasyforshopperstounderstandataglance. Questions1-6 AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer. 1.Whenwillinstructionsbegivenonreadingthecolor-codedlabels? 2.Wherecancustomersfindtheredlightlabels? 3.WhatproblemistheFSAtryingtohandlewiththelabelingsystem? 4.Whichproductsellswellbutmaynotbehealthy? 5.Whatinformation,accordingtothemanufacturers,canbelabeledonproducts? 6.Whatcannotbeadvertisedduringchildren’sprogrammes? Questions7-13 Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)withtheopinions(listed7-13)below.Writetheappropriateletter(A-E)forquestions1-7. NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce. AEdRichard BTerrenceCollis CGavinNeath DAlastairSykes EChrisWermann 7.Generallywewillnotagreetousetheredlightlabels. 8.ItisunreasonabletodoubtifFSAistrustworthy. 9.Wearetryingtomeetourconsumers’needs. 10.Thefoodindustryhasbeenimprovinggreatly. 11.Thecolor-codedlabelingsystemisscientific. 12.OurproductswillbelabeledunhealthybytheFSA. 13.Wearereadytoconfrontthemanufacturers.
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