当前位置:考试网  > 试卷库  > 外语类  > 雅思  > 阅读  >  new weapon to fight cancer 1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold. 2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. 3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques. 4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said. 5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel." 6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour. 7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before." 8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body. 9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way. 10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said. 11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system. 12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour. 13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. 14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers. Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage 1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects. 2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy. 3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again. 4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate. 5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor. 6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors. Question 7-9 Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer. 7.Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found (A) on TV (B) in magazines (C) on internet (D) in newspapers 8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to (A) change the body’ immune system (B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream. (C) increase the amount of injection (D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors. 9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies (A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out. (B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system. (C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers. (D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out. Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once. NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all. In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers
试题预览

new weapon to fight cancer

1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.

2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.

3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques.

4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.

5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."

6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.

7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before."

8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.

9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way.

10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.

11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.

12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.

13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.

14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage

1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.

2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.

3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.

4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.

5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.

6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.

Question 7-9

Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.

7.Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found

(A) on TV

(B) in magazines

(C) on internet

(D) in newspapers

8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to

(A) change the body’ immune system

(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.

(C) increase the amount of injection

(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.

9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies

(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.

(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.

(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.

(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.

Questions 10-13

Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.

NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.

In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers

查看答案
收藏
纠错
正确答案:

1.答案:FALSE (见第2段:If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用,而不是根除。)

2.答案:TRUE (见第3段,特别是最后一句: Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques. )

3. 答案:NOT GIVEN (文中没有提到virus可以抑制肿瘤细胞再生长)

4. 答案:TRUE (见第5段第3、4句: 这里“cancer’s Achilles’ heel”指 “If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating.” Achilles’ heel的意思是“唯一致命弱点”)

5. 答案:FALSE (见第6段第第1句:Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer.)

6. 答案:TRUE (见第7段:Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drug. ……, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before." )

7. 答案:B (见第8段第1、2句:Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. Journal意思是“日报、期刊、杂志”)

8. 答案:D (见第9段第1句:Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immune system, …… “mask”的意思是“掩盖、隐蔽、伪装”, 在这里和 “disguise”同义。)

9. 答案:B (见第11段第2句: If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.. “mop up”这里与 “wipe out” 同义,意思是“消灭、歼灭”。)

10.答案:disable (见第13段最后1句:For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. )

11. 答案:natural ones (见第13段最后1句:For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. )

12. 答案:dosage (见第14段第1句:The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed.)

13. 答案:directed (见第14段最后1句:Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, …)

答案解析:

暂无解析

你可能感兴趣的试题

To begin with,"muzak"(音乐广播网 )was intended simplyto createasoothing(安慰)atmosphere.Recently,however,it's ecome big business —thanks in part to recentresearch.Dr.Ronald Milliman,an American marketing expert,hasshown that music can boost sales or increase factory roduction by as much as a third.But,it has to be light music.A fast one has no effect atall on sales.Slow music can increase receipts by 38%.This isprobably because shoppers slow down and have more opportunityto spot items they like to buy.Yet,slow music isn't alway sanswer.Dr.Milliman found,for example,that in restaurants slowmusic meant customers took longer to eat their meals,whichreduced overall sales.So restaurants owners might be welladvised to play up-tempo music to keep the customers moving—unless of course,the resulting indigestion leads tocomplaints!

练习:

1.The reason why background music is so popular isthat ______.

A.it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it

B.it can help to create a soothing atmosphere

C.it can boost sales or increase factory production erywhere

D.it can make customers eat their meals quickly

2.Background music means ________.

A.light music that customers enjoy mostB.fast music that makes people move fast

C.slow music that can make customers enjoy their meals

D.the music you are listening to while you are doingomething

3.Restaurant owners complain about background musicbecause ______.

A.it results in indigestion

B.it increases their sales

C.it keeps customers moving

D.it decreases their sales

4.The word"up-tempo music"probably means_____.

A.slow music

B.fast music

C.light music

D.classical music

Yourdonationscan_____poorchildren____foodandachancetostudy.

1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.

2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.

3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.

4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature variations. The favoured frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.

5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.

6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.

7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.

8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.

9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation."

10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.

11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible". Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that cause the temperature fluctuations.

Questions 1-4

Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.

Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

A. Attila Grandpierre

B. Gábor ágoston

C. Neil Edwards

D. Nigel Weiss

E. Robert Ehrlich

1. ...claims there a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.

2. ...calculated that the internal solar magnetic fields could produce instabilities in the solar plasma.

3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth.

4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.

Questions 5-9

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage

FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.

6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another.

7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to eliminate the greenhouse effect.

8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.

9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar temperature oscillation begins and when ends.

Questions 10-14

Complete the notes below.

Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.

The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold the temperature ...10...in the sun's interior, but the slight changes in the earth's ...11... alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12... can induce the temperature oscillations in the sun's interior. The sun's core temperature oscillates around its average temperature in ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the ...14... interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.

-----Wouldyoumindmyusingyourpen?

-----_______________.

Rogue theory of smell gets a boost

1.A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.

2.Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.

3.That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct.But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.

4."This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia.He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized."

5.Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain.This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.

6.But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well.Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs.And molecules with very different structures can smell similar.Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).

7.Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling.This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.

8.This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.

9.Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations."The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.

10.Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, "I didn't believe it".But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work.I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.

11.The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it.This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.

12.The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it.The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.

13.But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea."So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification.We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed."

14.Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis."At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations," he says."Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition." At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.

Questions 5-9

Complete the sentences below with words from the passage.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

5.The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.

6.Turin's company is based in ______.

7.Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.

8.Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.

9.According to Audrew Horsfield, it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur in human nose.

热门试题 更多>
试题分类: 综合知识
练习次数:1次
1、产业结构调整包括产业结构合理化和高级化两个方面。产业结构合理化是指各产业之间相互协调,有较强的产业结构转换水平和良好的适合性,能适合市场需求变化,并带来效益的产业结构;产业结构高级化,又称为产业结构升级,是指产业结构系统从较低级形式向较高级形式的转化过程。产业结构的高级化一般遵循产业结构演变规律,由低级到高级演进。 产业结构调整是当今各国发展经济的重要课题,也是当前我国社会经济生活中一个十分重要的问题。调整和建立合理的产业结构,能够合理利用资源,提供劳动者充分就业的机会,推广应用先进的产业技术,获得经济效益等。从而更好地促动经济和社会的发展,改善人民物质文化生活。产业是发展之基、财富之源、城市之本。推动产业结构的升级与变迁是一个国家和地区经济发展的主旋律,是国民经济持续增长的强大动力。 国家发展改革委员会发布了新修订的《产业结构调整指导目录(2011年本)》,并于2011年6月1日起施行。《产业结构调整指导目录(2011年本)》是政府引导投资方向,管理投资项目,制定和实施财税、金融、土地、进出口等政策的重要依据。新目录全面反映了结构调整和产业升级的方向内容,更加注重战略性新兴产业发展、自主创新以及对推动服务业大发展的支持,更加注重对产能过剩行业的限制和引导以及落实可持续发展的要求,对于推动产业结构调整和优化升级,完善和发体现代产业体系有重要的指导作用。 2、浙江发展海洋经济已经上升为国家战略,最近国务院又批准了舟山群岛新区。地处浙江海洋经济核心区的宁波,紧抓战略机遇,择优发展临港工业,大力推动“三位一体”港航物流体系建设,积极发展大宗商品交易平台,进一步做大做强进口贸易,推动产业结构调整。 因为特殊的地理位置、资源禀赋和体制环境,宁波形成了以重化工业和传统制造业为主的产业结构,这个结构有其独特的竞争力,也面临着转型升级的重任。2011年下半年,内外需求增长趋缓、宏观政策趋紧的效应会进一步显现,成本递增、物价上行、要素短缺等矛盾和问题难以在短期内缓解。宁波要抓住当前资源要素的“倒逼”机制,加快淘汰高污染、高能耗、高排放等落后产能,着力转变粗放型发展模式。 根据《宁波市加快推动产业转型升级行动纲要》要求,“十二五”期间,宁波将传统产业提升和新兴产业培育并举,延伸产业链、提升价值链、强化创新链,大力推动现代服务业高端化、临港工业循环化、传统产业集群化、新兴产业规模化。 现代服务业高端化发展。以港口转型、产业升级为主线,积极培育大宗商品交易、总部经济、电子商务、服务外包等新兴服务业业态,成长为结构合理、特色鲜明、竞争力强的现代服务业产业体系。 临港工业循环化发展。要择优发展石化、钢铁等临港产业,充分评估资源环境容量,按照基地化、循环化、高端化的要求,延伸临港产业循环经济链,重点发展市场前景好、环境污染小、产出效益高的临港先进制造业。 传统产业集群化发展。服装、家电等传统优势制造业要从劳动密集的制造环节突围,向产业链两端的研发设计和品牌营销延伸,推动信息化与工业化深度融合,实现技术自主化、产品品牌化、产业集聚化、市场世界化、服务网络化。 新兴产业规模化发展。重点发展新材料、新一代信息技术、新能源、新装备等四大战略产业,积极培育海洋高技术、节能环保、生命健康、创意设计等四大新兴产业,抢占未来发展制高点。 通过这四个通道,宁波产业体系将实现从低附加值转向高附加值、从高能耗高污染转向低能耗低污染、从粗放型转向集约型的一次大飞跃。宁波,将借此构建起一个具有创新性、开放性、融合性、集聚性和可持续性特征的现代产业体系——这是一个城市未来的核心竞争力所在。 3、“从总体上来看,2011年上半年,我国工业增加值基本上还处于正常波动范围,没有出现令人担忧的大起大伏的局面。”工业和信息化部总工程师朱某说。不过他同时表示,当前工业经济在整体保持平稳运行的同时,发展中仍存有着一些不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题,尤其是结构调整难度增大。2011年安排淘汰落后生产水平任务的18个工业行业中,有10个行业目标比去年有较大增加,在人员安置、债务处置等方面面临更大难度和压力,部分行业产能过剩问题仍然突出。 产业结构调整已成为当今世界经济发展的主题,也是发达国家迎接知识经济时代到来的重大战略举措。持续推动产业结构优化升级己成为各国提升其国际竞争力的主要途径。 这方面我们不妨看一下日本,日本的经验值得我国借鉴。日本《新华侨报》2011年7月16日发表了一篇文章,文章摘编如下: 在过去的30多年,中国经济取得了长足的进步,跃居世界第二大经济体,可谓成绩辉煌。在经济高速增长的同时,原有的增长模式也面临着挑战,产业结构调整已经成为不可回避的问题。 从需求结构调整看,扩大内需特别是增加消费是对的,但缺乏培养和形成中等收入者的机制安排,广大民众收入上不去就增加不了消费、扩大不了内需,这是中国当前遇到的矛盾。当前中国已经处于中上等收入国家之列,但产业结构仍然是一种适合生产型社会的产业结构,第二产业过大,第三产业比重低。 想要破解这些难题,不妨反观一下日本。日本政府注重缩小收入差别,中产阶级成长非常快,20世纪60年代末70年代初,日本中产阶级在社会上所占的比重达到了70%以上。此外,日本在20世纪70年代初的城市化率也就是城市人口也达到了70%。中产阶级比较理性,所以社会就比较稳定,这更是中国应该学习的。日本政府采取的产业结构调整的主要措施有:增强基础技术和基础产业,实施重点支援中小企业的政策;建构重视人才、技术等无形资产的政策体系;对具有战略性地位的重点产业给予倾斜性支持;优化完善企业的创业环境;构筑有利于增强产业竞争力、安全、能让国民安心的社会体系。日本政府在新一轮产业结构调整中更加重视政策的基础性和普遍性,持续完善产业发展环境。 4、2011年7月29日,国家发改委发布了节能形势“晴雨表”,对2011年上半年能耗过高的省份实行了警示,其中,全国有内蒙古、江西、河南等8个省区节能形势十分严峻;河北、江苏、浙江等8个省份节能减排工作比较严峻。其中,只有包括山东在内的14个省市,因为上半年工业用电量降幅明显,被国家发改委评价为节能进展顺利。16∶14,也就是说,除西藏外的30个省区市中,全国有超过一半的区域,都被能耗过高、用电形势严峻所困扰。 “今年是近几年电力供需形势最为紧张的一年,电力缺口总量可能超过3千万千瓦。”2011年5月27日,在“迎峰度夏保供电”会议上,国家电网副总经理帅军庆作出上述表述。2011年以来,我国工业用电需求保持较快增长,1~6月,工业用电量增长11.7%。在全国工业用电量的增长中,建材、冶金、化工、有色四大高能耗行业用电增长明显加快,其中建材、钢铁行业用电量分别增长19.8%和12.5%,四大行业合计用电量7482亿千瓦时,拉动全社会用电增长3.8个百分点。尤其进入6月份,工业用电量增长12.5%,比上月加快2个百分点,当月钢铁、有色、建材、化工行业用电量合计占工业用电量的45%,比重较5月份提升0.6个百分点。因为经济结构不合理,高能耗产业能源需求增长过快,2011年下半年,全国的用电形势将比较严峻,7月上旬,又有12个省份,实施了拉闸限电。 厦门大学中国能源经济研究中心林伯强告诉记者:“经济增速与用电量增速的比例理应为1∶1的关系,这是一个刚性的关系。但中国长期以来工业用电量增长超过GDP增速,说明我国的经济结构仍不够合理,发展方式粗放,由此带来能源需求过快增长。”林伯强分析,“2011年上半年,我国第二产业用电量占全社会用电量的75.3%,而其中重工业用电量占第二产业用电量的82%、全社会用电量的61.88%。”“重工业绝绝大部分为高耗能产业,重工业用电量占全社会用电量超过60%,一方面符合我国经济发展所处的阶段,另一方面也反映重工业在经济中占比过大,产业结构亟待调整。” 5、“有没有发现我们的‘空间变量’正在发生变化?面对这种变化,上海必须主动加快产业结构调整,不主动调整的结果就是‘被调整’,被土地资源、商务成本之类的强约束调整掉。”在2011年7月9日一场关于长三角区域协调发展的研讨会上,上海市经济学会会长、上海市政府发展研究中心主任、上海发展战略研究所所长周振华教授,对于当下上海经济转型的迫切性直言不讳。 在周振华看来,2011年上半年上海经济增速全国倒数,工业投资几乎零增长,诸如此类的现状都是正常现象,再追求经济增长的速度并没有多少意义,结构的轻型化将是一种必然趋势。之所以这样判断,很重要的原因是随着交通网络日趋完善便捷,我们的“空间距离”在压缩,区域经济的“空间变量”在变化。这个变化的直接结果,就是要素资源配置的范围、方式和效率变化了。一个长远影响就是,强化了市场机制在区域发展中的作用,促使各地政府在区域合作方面有新的思考。 而上述变化会引发产业效应和城市效应。产业效应是指一种区位变化,原先落后地区、经济边缘化地区因为区位的变化而变得具有增长潜力,于是企业选址就会重新考虑,从而促动产业布局的调整。而城市效应,则是指城市的集聚功能、辐射功能会更加显现,加快世界城市群的进程。 迎接“空间变量”的变化,上海必须以变应变,加快开放度,为各种要素的流动发挥作用,让要素在这里有更大的社会认同感;与此同时,主动加快产业结构调整,构建大流量的资源流动和配置的平台,政府间的合作也要更多注重在规划统一性和一体化上。周振华强调,上海要有更大气的开放度,招商引资也要换思路,能够大力引进功能型、服务型机构,包括一些不营利、无税收的公益性组织。 6、2010年12月27日下午,温州市劳动保障局职业介绍指导服务中心,能同时容纳上千人求职的大厅,只有20余名求职者在徘徊;大厅中央,20余平方米的电子显示屏,用红色文字滚动着几百条招工信息,不过鲜有“看客”。 服务中心记录显示,当天入场登记求职人数仅为28人,比去年同期100多人的登记量,减少了三分之二以上。“新村”职业介绍所是这个服务中心里的十年老店。负责人林女士指着铺满桌面的招工信息说:“这么多岗位还没招到人,和往年相比,今年市场明显冷清了。” 在“新村”介绍所,温州泰马鞋业有限公司正登出招聘皮鞋车包工的信息。“人不好招啊。”公司行政部主管刘某说,因为现有工人的流动,该公司每个月要到劳务市场招聘五六十名储备工人。为完成这个任务,他经常往职业介绍指导服务中心跑,即使这样,每月也只能完成60%的招工任务,还有40%的用工缺口,“明显感觉近几年从中西部来的工人越来越少。” 人口红利逐渐势弱,劳动力市场由买方市场转向卖方市场,买方市场必须通过提升劳动力价格来获得劳动力。经济发展靠廉价劳动力的时代即将结束。珠三角等地提前实行产业结构调整,降低了劳动密集型产业的比重,通过这种方式减弱了对大量劳动力的依赖,用科技含量和品牌提升产品附加值,从而增加产品的利润。企业利润高了,自然有水平给员工加工资。 解决用工荒,从长远看,必须调整产业结构,转变经济增长方式。这个点,温州市海螺集团等企业早已意识到。他们不再仅仅依靠“晴雨伞”等传统产业,而是升级换代,迈向了“人血白蛋白”、“植酸酶”等高科技领域。该公司人力资源部负责人表示,转型升级这几年来,公司规模日益扩大,但是劳动用工却没有随之增加,反而比转型前略有下降,所以当其他企业纠结于“订单多”与“工人缺”的矛盾时,他们显得颇为淡定。 康奈集团是温州市老牌的制鞋企业,也是用工大户,企业有员工3000余人。该公司党委副书记、工会主席陈增鑫介绍,公司十分注重打造留人环境,从生活条件、发展平台、精神文化、人文关怀等多方面,为员工营造良好的工作、生活氛围。当前公司员工的稳定率在95%以上。而从长远考虑,他们正在加紧转型升级的脚步,向高端制造和高端品牌发展。近年来,公司持续引进国外先进的生产流水线,提升了产品的质量、环保、节能水平,同时为世界顶尖品牌贴牌生产。“只有利润空间大了,我们才能在打造良好的劳动用工条件上有更多的投入。” 7、即将步入后工业化时代的中国经济正在遭遇三大产业结构不合理的尴尬局面,问题突出表现为第二产业比重过高,第三产业发展不足。尤其最近几年,方兴未艾的新经济与失衡的产业结构矛盾尖锐,优化调整各产业比重成为中国经济持续健康发展的内在需要。 申银万国研究所首席经济学家李慧勇认为,造成这个尴尬局面是因为中国产业经济中长期存有通过制度扶持工业、抑制服务业的现象。因为服务业受到较多的政府管制,而且要以全部营业额征收营业税,税收负担较重,在客观上限制了民间资本进入,制约了第三产业的发展。 国家统计局公布的工业企业经济效益指标也显示,自2002年以来,除2008年遭遇国际金融危机有所下降外,其他时间段中国工业企业的销售利润一直都维持在高位。出于获取利润的本性,投资工业企业成为投资者首选。 而“十二五”期间,因为受到供求变化和国家政策的推动,劳动力价格将明显提升,全社会节能减排需求将进一步提升。同时,“十二五”规划建议首次把“顺应各族人民过上更好生活新期待”作为规划制定的指导思想。未来,加快城乡一体化、进一步完善公共服务体系、增大对欠发达地区扶持力度等将得到实质性推动。在这些因素的共同作用下,日后中国经济转型的制度和环境还将发生一系列变化,这在客观上也要求中国的产业结构作出相对应改变。 解决难题的出路又在哪里?李慧勇认为,出路在企业自身。宏观产业结构的转变是以微观企业的转变为基础的,无论是国家的产业、资源和环境成本,还是劳动力成本的变化,最终能促使企业下决心转型的根本原因一定是这些因素影响到了企业的利润。所以,关键还在于尽快推动企业成为改革转型的主体,只有企业自觉主动地承担起经济转型的义务,市场的优化配置作用才能发挥出效能,从而推动产业结构朝着更加高效、合理的方向发展。 8、2011年以来,临沧市坚持以“规划调结构、产品调结构、项目调结构、科技调结构、算账调结构、龙头企业调结构”为方法,以“长短结合、有进有退、有所为有所不为”为原则,以“稳粮、扩经、提质、增效”为主要内容,着力调优农业产业结构,推动农业产业化经营,推动传统农业向现代农业转型。上半年,全市调减粮食、甘蔗种植面积22.7万亩,其中:调减粮食种植面积20.5万亩,调减低产低质甘蔗面积亩。调减面积用于发展烤烟14.7万亩、蔬菜0.8万亩、咖啡2.4万亩、蚕桑1.1万亩、香蕉0.5万亩,发展番荔枝、印奇果、火龙果、葡萄等0.1万亩,新建设施大棚瓜果蔬菜650亩。通过产业结构调整,传统产业得到有效提升,高价值特色产业发展步伐加快:一是甘蔗、茶叶、橡胶传统产业有效提升;二是畜牧产业稳步发展;三是咖啡、蚕桑、木薯、水果、蔬菜优势特色产业加快发展;四是渔业经济体现新的发展势头。 9、当前新兴产业正表现出依托信息技术和现代管理,从劳动密集型向知识密集型转变的发展趋势。为了适合这种变化,科学引导产业结构调整,国家“十二五”规划纲要明确提出,到2020年,我国要建成适合经济发展方式转变、产业结构调整要求,体现终生教育理念、中等职业教育和高等职业教育协调发展的现代职业教育体系,以满足人民群众接受职业教育的需求,满足经济社会对高素质劳动者和技能型人才的需求。 2011年《政府工作报告》也提出要调整优化产业结构。加快构建现代产业体系,推动产业转型升级。一是改造提升制造业;二是加快培育发展战略性新兴产业;三是大力发展服务业。加快发展生产性服务业,积极发展生活性服务业;四是增强现代能源产业和综合运输体系建设。积极推动能源生产和利用方式变革,提升能源利用效率。 新版《产业结构调整指导目录(2011年本)》主要有以下特点:一是力求全面反映结构调整和产业升级的主要内容;二是更加注重战略性新兴产业发展和自主创新;三是更加注重对服务业大发展的支持;四是更加注重对产能过剩行业的限制和引导;五是更加注重落实可持续发展的要求。 做答要求: 一、请对“给定资料1”中画线部分“产业是发展之基、财富之源、城市之本”的内涵实行阐释。(15分) 要求:准确、简明。不超过150字。 二、请结合“给定资料2”,分析如何把握产业耗能与经济发展之间的关系。(20分) 要求:准确、全面。不超过300字。 三、针对“给定资料4~8”中存有的具体问题,提出解决这些问题的建议或对策。(25分) 要求:准确、全面,切实可行,条理清楚,表达简明。不超过500字。 四、结合给定资料,以“产业结构调整”为主题,自拟题目,写一篇文章。(40分) 要求:中心明确,语言通达,条理清楚,事实与观点紧密结合,字数为1000~1200字。
试题分类: 申论
练习次数:2001次
给定资料: 1.2010年6月6日,《国家中长期人才发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)》由新华社受权全文播发。《人才规划》是我国第一个中长期人才发展规划,是当前和今后一个时期全国人才工作的指导性文件。制定并实施《人才规划》,是贯彻落实科学发展观、更好实施人才强国战略的重大举措,是在激烈的国际竞争中赢得主动的战略选择,对于加快我国经济发展方式转变、全面建设小康社会,具有重大意义。 《人才规划》提出,到2020年,我国人才发展的总体目标是:培养和造就规模宏大、结构优化、布局合理、素质优良的人才队伍,确立国家人才竞争比较优势,进入世界人才强国行列,为在本世纪中叶基本实现社会主义现代化奠定人才基础。 2.改革开放之初,随着党和国家工作的重心转移到社会主义现代化建设上来,经济社会发展对人才的需求急剧增长,人才问题日益突出。1978年12月,党的十一届三中全会之后,中央确立了"尊重知识、尊重人才"的国策,使大批知识分子和各类人才走上了经济建设的主战场。进入新世纪,国际国内形势的新变化,进一步把人才问题推到了国家发展的战略层面。 从国际看,经济全球化深入发展,科技进步突飞猛进,知识创新、科技创新、产业创新不断加速,以经济为基础、科技为先导的综合国力竞争日趋激烈,人才资源成为关系国家竞争力强弱的基础性、核心性、战略性资源。从国内看,中国进入全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的关键时期,经济社会发展要求与人才资源不足的矛盾日益突出,高层次和高技能人才严重短缺;人才结构不合理;人才管理体制、运行机制与市场经济体制不相适应等问题现实地提到党和国家的议事日程。 2000年,中央经济工作会议首次提出:"要制定和实施人才战略"。同年,党的十五届五中全会提出,要把培养、吸引和用好人才作为一项重大的战略任务切实抓好,努力建设一支宏大的、高素质的人才队伍。2001年发布的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划纲要》则专章提出"实施人才战略,壮大人才队伍"。这中国首次将人才战略确立为国家战略,将其纳入经济社会发展的总体规划和布局之中,使之成为其中一个重要组成部分。 2002年,面对中国加入WTO后的新形势,直面经济全球化和综合国力竞争,为保证建设有中国特色社会主基层实施人才强国战略义事业健康发展,中共中央、国务院制定下发了《2002-2005年全国人才队伍建设规划纲要》,首次提出了"实施人才强国战略",对新时期中国人才队伍建设进行了总体谋划,明确了当前和今后一个时期中国人才队伍建设的指导方针、目标任务和主要政策措施。该纲要可以说是对此前提出的国家人才战略的深化和系统展开。 3.2003年6月,中央成立了人才工作协调小组。此后,全国各省区市先后成立了人才工作领导或协调机构,并在党委组织部门普遍设立了人才工作机构。在改革实践中,通过贯彻党管人才原则,落实搞好统筹规划,坚持分类指导,注重整合力量,积极提供服务,实行依法管理的工作要求,创新具体制度、程序和方法,一个党委统一领导,组织部门牵头抓总,有关部门各司其职、密切配合,社会力量广泛参与的人才工作领导体制和运行机制初步建立,为人才强国战略的实施提供了坚强的领导和组织保证。 2003年12月,中共中央首次召开中央人才工作会议,下发了《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强人才工作的决定》,突出强调,实施人才强国战略是党和国家一项重大而紧迫的任务,并进一步明确了新世纪新阶段中国人才工作的重要意义、全面部署了人才工作的根本任务,制定了一系列有关方针政策。至2006年底,国有企业经营管理人才达475.6万人,事业单位管理人才达450.4万人。截至2006年,中国已有两院院士1402人,有突出贡献中青年专家5206人,享受政府特殊津贴专家15.4万人,百千万人才工程国家级人选总数3307人。目前,中国科技人力资源总量约为3500万人,居世界第1位,其中大学本科及以上学历者约为1450万人。2006年中国研究开发人员总量为142万人,仅次于美国,居世界第2位。仅2000-2005年期间,中国的研究开发人员增长了48%,研究开发科学家工程师总量增长了60.9%。 2007年,人才强国战略作为发展中国特色社会主义的三大基本战略之一,写进了中国共产党党章和党的十七大报告。由此,人才强国战略的实施进入了全面推进的新阶段。 4.人才强国战略的制定和实施,是党以邓小平理论和"三个代表"重要思想为指导,从当代世界和中国深刻变化着的实际出发,根据党和国家事业发展的迫切要求而作出的重大决策。人才强国战略作为一项国家的重大战略,有着丰富而深刻的科学内涵。人才强国战略的提出和实施,解决了中国人才资源发展的指导思想、方针原则、战略目标与重大问题,为中国人力资源开发提供了思想保证、组织保证和制度保证,是改革开放30年来中国经济社会科学发展鸿篇巨制中的一个壮丽篇章。 5.人才强国战略的核心是"人才兴国"。国家兴盛,人才为本。依靠人才兴邦,走人才强国之路,大力提升国家核心竞争力和综合国力,是人才强国战略的核心要义,概言之就是"人才兴国"。这里,"强国",是指增强国力、振兴国家,即大力提升国家核心竞争力和综合国力。人才强国战略的目标指向是建设"现代化强国"。作为国家发展战略,人才强国战略必须与国家发展的战略目标保持一致和协调,为实现这一目标提供人才保证和智力支持。进入新世纪,中国现代化建设的总体目标是,到2020年实现全面小康,到本世纪中叶基本实现现代化,把中国建设成为富强民主文明和谐的社会主义国家。在这个意义上,建设全面小康社会和现代化强国,也是中国到2020年和到本世纪中叶实施人才强国战略的目标。 6.人才强国战略的工作重心是建设"人才资源强国",充分发挥人才的作用。全面建设小康社会和实现中华民族的伟大复兴,都必须有"人才资源强国"作支撑,充分发挥人才的作用。因此,大力实施人才强国战略的工作重心应当落在"人才资源强国"的建设和充分发挥人才的作用上,要调动各方面的积极性,通过各种途径,大力开发人才资源,加快中国从人口大国向人才资源强国转变的进程,努力造就一支规模宏大、素质优良、结构合理、活力旺盛,既能满足中国经济社会发展需要,又能参与国际竞争的人才大军,为实现新世纪我国经济社会发展的宏伟目标提供坚强有力的人才保证。 7.中国是人力资源大国,但还不是人才资源强国。因此,建设一支宏大的高素质的人才队伍,是实施人才强国战略的重要基础和前提,也是人才强国战略的重要组成部分。新中国成立以来,特别是改革开放以来,中国人力资源开发成效显著,初步形成了一支数量可观的人才队伍。但这支队伍无论在数量上,还是在整体素质上,都不能完全适应人才强国战略的需要。世界现代化的成功经验表明,人才资源的快速增长是现代化建设的最直接、最重要的推动力量。这一经验及中国人才队伍的现状,要求在实施人才强国战略中,必须实行人力资源开发先导模式,大力开发人力资源,切实提高人才资源的整体素质。必须真正树立人才资源是第一资源的观念,把开发人力资源、提高人才资源的整体素质摆在各项工作的首位,高度重视,常抓不懈。要加大教育和培养的投入力度,切实提高教育经费和培训经费的使用效率。要继续改革教育和培训体制,树立大教育、大培训观念,建立学习型社会,学习型组织,学习型社区,使教育和培训系统真正做到早出人才、多出人才、出高质量人才。 20世纪70年代以来,随着科学技术的迅猛发展、产业结构的不断升级和管理科学水平的不断提高,一场世界性的人才争夺战日趋激烈。在这场人才争夺战中,中国一度处于被动和不利的地位,导致人才资源的大量流失。例如,从1978年到2002年底,中国出国留学人员共有58万人,截止目前,累计回国的只有15万多,只占出国留学人员总数的25.86%。加入WTO前后,中国出现第三次人才外流高峰。为政之道,重在得人。在日趋激烈的国际人才竞争中,中国必须尽快扭转被动和不利的局面,想方设法留住人才。为此,要从管理体制、政策法规、社会环境、舆论氛围、创业条件、薪酬待遇和后勤保障等方面,构建吸引人才和留住人才的强磁场,使中国的各行各业都成为相关人才施展才华、报效祖国、实现人生价值 的大舞台。 目前,中国人才资源结构存在严重的不合理现象,表现在:(1)专业结构不合理:长线专业人才较多,信息、金融、财会、外贸、法律、高新技术和复合型人才普遍短缺,特别是熟悉并善于运用世贸组织规则的人才,更是凤毛麟角。(2)能级结构不合理:初中级人才较多,高级人才总量严重不足。(3)产业分布不合理,如第一产业科技人才严重短缺,第三产业内部人才结构也明显失衡。(4)行业分布不合理,如企业中的专业技术人员比例过低,仅占35%,而美国从事科技开发的科学家、工程师80.8%在企业,英国为61.4%。(5)地区分布不合理,如西部地区专业技术人才的密度(每万人口中的人才数量)仅为225人,而东部地区为302人,高级人才85%集中在东中部地区,其中绝大多数集中在大中城市。(6)所有制间的分布不合理,如全国专业技术人才总量的74%集中在国有单位,非国有单位专业技术人才之和仅为26%。因此,必须按照统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放的要求,大力调整和优化人才资源结构,实施人才资源的战略性重组,有效盘活人才资源存量,改进人才资源增量结构,使人才资源的宏观结构适应产业结构高级化的需要,适应经济、社会与环境协调发展的需要。 人才问题,说到底,是人才资源管理体制的问题。有了科学合理的人才资源管理体制,不仅能够使优秀人才脱颖而出,而且能够充分发挥人才资源的作用。近些年,中国通过深化干部人事制度改革,在搞活用人机制方面迈出了较大步伐,取得了明显成效。但从总体来说,科学的人才选拔任用机制和监督管理机制尚未完全建立起来为此,一要建立健全客观、公正的人才资源评价体系和评价机制,为人才资源的科学管理提供准确的依据。评价人才,主要从两个角度:一是评估绩效,二是测评能力。评估绩效是为了奖惩,测评能力是为了选人用人,二者不能混淆,否则,必然造成管理上的负效应。二要建立能力主义的管理体制和竞争机制,为充分发挥人才的作用搭建宽广的舞台。所谓能力主义管理体制,即唯有能者宜在其位。它是由三个系统有机组合而成,即公正评价系统、公正待遇系统和能力开发系统。在能力主义管理中,以公正评价为基础,对人才给予公正待遇。这里的待遇,包括职位、工资福利和荣誉等。经过评价,如果一个人有弱项或不足,则进入能力开发系统,进行培训和提高。很显然,能力主义管理具有鲜明的优点: (1)能够比较客观、公正地评价人的能力,为能者上,平者让,庸者下提供科学依据; (2)能够充分发挥人的才能,避免或减少人才资源的浪费; (3)将人才的使用与开发有机结合,不断提高人才资源的素质和能力,确保人才在较长的时间内持续发挥作用。 三要建立更为科学的分配机制和激励机制,做到内部具有公平性,外部具有竞争力。建立科学的分配机制和激励机制,既能够消除人才的后顾之忧,又能够激发人才奋发向上,积极创业,为全面建设小康社会,实现社会主义现代化作出更大贡献。 8.当今时代,科学技术是第一生产力,人才资源是第一资源。国以才兴,业以才旺。人才强国战略正是党和国家面对新世纪、新阶段的发展任务和时代挑战提出的一项重大战略。 全面贯彻落实科学发展观,建设创新型国家,构建社会主义和谐社会,推进社会主义现代化建设,不断开创中国特色社会主义新局面,确保中国在复杂多变的世界中始终保持战略主动地位,客观要求党和国家必须实施人才强国战略。要实施人才强国战略必须解放思想,更新观念。要充分认识到,在各种资源中,人才资源是第一资源,人才的数量、质量、结构和作用的发挥,直接关系到国家、地区和企事业的兴盛衰亡。要尊重人才、爱惜人才,将人才问题置于各项工作的中心位置。要认识到人才有优点,也有缺点,要用其所长,避其所短;要为人才提供用武之地,减少和消除人才的后顾之忧;人才有价,既要重视精神激励,更要重视物质激励;要因需设岗,因岗择人,因能授职,小才不可大用,大才也不可小用;要将人才的使用与开发有机结合起来。只有克服陈腐落后的思想观念,真正树立起现代人才观,才能为实施人才强国战略奠定科学的思想基础。要鼓励出国留学人员回国工作、为国服务,进一步做好吸引、聘用境外高级专门人才工作。实施出国留学政策,是中国改革开放基本国策的一个重要方面。改革开放之初,党和国家就决定派出留学人员,充分表明党和国家始终是将人才队伍建设摆在社会主义现代化建设全局之中的。对于一时没有能力或能力不足的专业领域,向发达国家派出留学生,借助发达国家的力量加快培养。这一政策的实施,取得了巨大成效,对社会主义现代化建设的顺利推进发挥了巨大作用。在充分认识出国留学工作取得的成绩的基础上,着眼国家发展需要,要继续坚持"支持留学、鼓励回国、来去自由"的出国留学工作方针,为中国公民出国留学提供便利的服务。要深刻认识出国留学人员是国家宝贵的人才资源,积极吸引留学人员回国工作,鼓励留学人员以多种方式为国服务。要探索建立有效的吸引留学人才工作机制和工作载体,加快构建留学人员回国服务体系,加大留学人员创业园建设力度。继续推进"春晖计划"等吸引留学人员回国工作、为国服务的工作。与此同时,要进一步重视做好引进国外智力工作,充分发挥高等学校、国家科研院所等在集聚高层次人才方面的战略高地作用,努力吸引、聘用更多的境外高级专门人才。 要在全社会弘扬尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的良好风气。实施人才强国战略,加强各对专业人才进行表彰奖励方面人才队伍建设,需要各级党委、政府和社会各界的共同努力。一个重要的方面,就是要在全党全社会形成尊重人才的社会风气。这就不仅需要对科学人才的尊重,尤其重要的是要尊重生产劳动第一线的技能型人才,真正形成科学的人才观,尊重一切有一技之长人才的劳动、知识、创造。只有这样,才能够在全社会形成学习光荣、劳动光荣、创造光荣的观念,引导社会各界人士共同形成有利于人才发挥聪明才智的社会氛围。各级政府应当从当地实际出发,认真解决影响人才队伍建设的认识问题、舆论问题、制度机制问题,把弘扬尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的良好风气作为践行"三个代表"重要思想、全面贯彻落实科学发展观、实施人才强国战略的重要工作。 9.《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》于2010年10月18日中国共产党第十七届中央委员会第五次全体会议通过。《建议》指出,"十二五"时期是全面建设小康社会的关键时期,是深化改革开放、加快转变经济发展方式的攻坚时期。深刻认识并准确把握国内外形势新变化新特点,科学制定"十二五"规划,对于继续抓住和用好我国发展的重要战略机遇期、促进经济长期平稳较快发展,对于夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利、推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业,具有十分重要的意义。《建议》提出,深入实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略,加快建设创新型国家。推动我国经济发展更多依靠科技创新驱动,必须全面落实国家中长期科技、教育、人才规划纲要,大力提高科技创新能力,加快教育改革发展,发挥人才资源优势,为加快转变经济发展方式、实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标奠定坚实的科技和人力资源基础。《建议》提出,建设人才强国。坚持党管人才原则,坚持服务发展、人才优先、以用为本、创新机制、高端引领、整体开发的指导方针,加强现代化建设需要的各类人才队伍建设,充分发挥国内人才作用,积极引进和用好海外高层次人才。建立健全政府宏观管理、市场有效配置、单位自主用人、人才自主择业的体制机制,形成多元化投入格局,明显提高人力资本投资比重。营造尊重人才的社会环境、平等公开和竞争择优的制度环境,促进优秀人才脱颖而出。改进人才管理方式,实国家重大人才政策,抓好重大人才工程,推动人才事业全面发展。 作答要求: (一)认真阅读"给定资料",简要分析我国人才强国战略的内涵 (二)目前,我国人才使用与培养存在哪些问题?请结合这些问题,请你谈谈我国实施才强国战略的建议。
试题分类: 申论
练习次数:9次
试题分类: 入党积极分子
练习次数:1次
试题分类: 综合知识
练习次数:0次
试题分类: 城管执法资格
练习次数:4次
试题分类: 专业科目
练习次数:0次
试题分类: 面试
练习次数:0次
试题分类: 入党积极分子
练习次数:9次
试题分类: 入党积极分子
练习次数:4次
扫一扫,手机做题