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试述清朝前期议政王大臣会议。

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正确答案:

(1) 议政王大臣会议又称“国议”, 是清朝前期的中枢决策机构。清太祖努尔哈赤设议政五大臣,与八旗旗主一同议政参与机务, 构成女真政治、 军事的中枢决策机构,并对清朝前期政体产生深远影响。

(2) 议政制度作为完备的政治体制,出现于清太宗皇太极时期。皇太极在每旗增设议政大臣三人, 旨在吸收较低级贵族参与军国大政以削弱八旗旗主的势力。 此后, 这种共同议政的形式确定下来, 并称为议政王大臣会议。 清军入关前, 议政王大臣会议作为中枢决策机构充分行使其决策职能。

(3) 清军人关后,议政王大臣会议进一步扩大,其成员也不再局限于满洲贵族。这扩大了议政王大臣会议的基础,并提高了它的效能。随着清朝统治集团内部各派政治力量的消长,议政王大臣会议的权力也起伏不定。康熙前期,议政王大臣会议的权力达到顶峰, 但这时的议政王大臣会议已成为旧政治势力代表和康熙帝加强皇权的障碍,并对皇权构成威胁。

(4) 康熙帝为解除这个历史包袱带来的压力,设立新的中枢决策机构南书房与之抗衡,从此, 议政王大臣会议的决策功能逐渐丧失。到雍正年间设立军机处后, 议政王大臣会议的权力更加衰落,乾隆五十六年被宣布取消。

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