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抽样调查法

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正确答案:

抽样调查法是指从研究对象的全部单位中抽取一部分单位进行考察和分析, 并用这部分单位的数量特征去推断总体的数量特征的一种调查方法。

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newweapontofightcancer 1.Britishscientistsarepreparingtolaunchtrialsofaradicalnewwaytofightcancer,whichkillstumoursbyinfectingthemwithviruseslikethecommoncold. 2.Ifsuccessful,virustherapycouldeventuallyformathirdpillaralongsideradiotherapyandchemotherapyinthestandardarsenalagainstcancer,whileavoidingsomeofthedebilitatingside-effects. 3.LeonardSeymour,aprofessorofgenetherapyatOxfordUniversity,whohasbeenworkingonthevirustherapywithcolleaguesinLondonandtheUS,willleadthetrialslaterthisyear.CancerResearchUKsaidyesterdaythatitwasexcitedbythepotentialofProfSeymour’spioneeringtechniques. 4.Oneofthecountry’sleadinggeneticists,ProfSeymourhasbeenworkingwithvirusesthatkillcancercellsdirectly,whileavoidingharmtohealthytissue."Inprinciple,you’vegotsomethingwhichcouldbemanytimesmoreeffectivethanregularchemotherapy,"hesaid. 5.Cancer-killingvirusesexploitthefactthatcancercellssuppressthebody’slocalimmunesystem."Ifacancerdoesn’tdothat,theimmunesystemwipesitout.Ifyoucangetavirusintoatumour,virusesfindthemaverygoodplacetobebecausethere’snoimmunesystemtostopthemreplicating.Youcanregarditasthecancer’sAchilles’heel." 6.Onlyasmallamountofthevirusneedstogettothecancer."Theyreplicate,yougetamillioncopiesineachcellandthecellburstsandtheyinfectthetumourcellsadjacentandrepeattheprocess,"saidProfSeymour. 7.Preliminaryresearchonmiceshowsthatthevirusesworkwellontumoursresistanttostandardcancerdrugs."It’saninterestingpossibilitythattheymayhaveanadvantageinkillingdrug-resistanttumours,whichcouldbequitedifferenttoanythingwe’vehadbefore." 8.Researchershaveknownforsometimethatvirusescankilltumourcellsandsomeaspectsoftheworkhavealreadybeenpublishedinscientificjournals.Americanscientistshavepreviouslyinjectedvirusesdirectlyintotumoursbutthistechniquewillnotworkifthecancerisinaccessibleorhasspreadthroughoutthebody. 9.ProfSeymour’sinnovativesolutionistomaskthevirusfromthebody’simmunesystem,effectivelyallowingthevirusestodowhatchemotherapydrugsdo-spreadthroughthebloodandreachtumourswherevertheyare.Thebighurdlehasalwaysbeentofindawaytodelivervirusestotumoursviathebloodstreamwithoutthebody’simmunesystemdestroyingthemontheway. 10."Whatwe’vedoneismakechemicalmodificationstothevirustoputapolymercoataroundit-it’sastealthviruswhenyouinjectit,"hesaid. 11.Afterthestealthvirusinfectsthetumour,itreplicates,butthecopiesdonothavethechemicalmodifications.Iftheyescapefromthetumour,thecopieswillbequicklyrecognisedandmoppedupbythebody’simmunesystem. 12.Thetherapywouldbeespeciallyusefulforsecondarycancers,calledmetastases,whichsometimesspreadaroundthebodyafterthefirsttumourappears."There’sanawfulstatisticofpatientsinthewest...withmalignantcancers;75%ofthemgoontodiefrommetastases,"saidProfSeymour. 13.Twovirusesarelikelytobeexaminedinthefirstclinicaltrials:adenovirus,whichnormallycausesacold-likeillness,andvaccinia,whichcausescowpoxandisalsousedinthevaccineagainstsmallpox.Forsafetyreasons,bothwillbedisabledtomakethemlesspathogenicinthetrial,butProfSeymoursaidheeventuallyhopestousenaturalviruses. 14.Thefirsttrialswilluseuncoatedadenovirusandvacciniaandwillbedeliveredlocallytolivertumours,inordertoestablishwhetherthetreatmentissafeinhumansandwhatdoseofviruswillbeneeded.Severalmoreyearsoftrialswillbeneeded,eventuallyalsoonthepolymer-coatedviruses,beforethetherapycanbeconsideredforuseintheNHS.Thoughtheapproachwillbeexaminedatfirstforcancersthatdonotrespondtoconventionaltreatments,ProfSeymourhopesthatonedayitmightbeappliedtoallcancers. Questions1-6 Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?Forquestions1-6write TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage 1.Virustherapy,ifsuccessful,hasanadvantageineliminatingside-effects. 2.CancerResearchUKisquitehopefulaboutProfessorSeymour’sworkonthevirustherapy. 3.Viruscankillcancercellsandstopthemfromgrowingagain. 4.Cancer’sAchilles’heelreferstothefactthatvirusmaystaysafelyinatumorandreplicate. 5.Toinfectthecancercells,agooddealofvirusesshouldbeinjectedintothetumor. 6.Researchesonanimalsindicatethatviruscouldbeusedasanewwaytotreatdrug-resistanttumors. Question7-9 Basedonthereadingpassage,choosetheappropriateletterfromA-Dforeachanswer. 7.Informationaboutresearchesonviruseskillingtumorcellscanbefound (A)onTV (B)inmagazines (C)oninternet (D)innewspapers 8.Totreattumorsspreadingoutinbody,researcherstryto (A)changethebody’immunesystem (B)injectchemotherapydrugsintobloodstream. (C)increasetheamountofinjection (D)disguisethevirusesonthewaytotumors. 9.Whenthechemicalmodifiedvirusintumorreplicates,thecopies (A)willsoonescapefromthetumorandspreadout. (B)willbewipedoutbythebody’simmunesystem. (C)willbeimmediatelyrecognizedbytheresearchers. (D)willeventuallystopthetumorfromspreadingout. Questions10-13 Completethesentencesbelow.Chooseyouranswersfromthelistofwords.Youcanonlyuseeachwordonce. NBTherearemorewordsinthelistthanspacessoyouwillnotusethemall. Inthefirstclinicaltrials,scientistswilltryto……10……adenovirusandvaccinia,soboththeviruseswillbelesspathogenicthanthe……11…….Theseuncoatedviruseswillbeapplieddirectlytocertainareastoconfirmsafetyonhumanbeingsandtheright……12……needed.Theexperimentswillfirstlybe……13……tothetreatmentofcertaincancers
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