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简述中小学美育的主要任务。

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正确答案:

(1)培养和提高学生感受美的能力;

(2)培养和提高学生鉴赏美的能力;

(3)培养和提高学生表现美、创造美的能力;

(4)培养和提高学生追求人生趣味和理想境界的能力。

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new weapon to fight cancer 1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold. 2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. 3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques. 4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said. 5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel." 6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour. 7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before." 8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body. 9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way. 10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said. 11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system. 12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour. 13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. 14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers. Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage 1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects. 2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy. 3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again. 4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate. 5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor. 6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors. Question 7-9 Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer. 7.Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found (A) on TV (B) in magazines (C) on internet (D) in newspapers 8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to (A) change the body’ immune system (B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream. (C) increase the amount of injection (D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors. 9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies (A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out. (B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system. (C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers. (D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out. Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once. NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all. In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers
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How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1.A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is.Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended.Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is,how ants,bees or any social animal,including humans,behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2.At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome,Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani,a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology,described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance,by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store,forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes,also of the Florida Institute of Technology,set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct.The idea is that,if a certain product is seen to be popular,shoppers are likely to choose it too.The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3.Enter smart-cart technology.In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag,a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information,and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer.As a customer walks past a shelf of goods,a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product.If the number is high,he is more likely to select it too. 4.Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is,the one everyone else bought.The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world,mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets.But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work,and testing will get under way in the spring. 5.Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could,indeed,be boosted in this way.Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs.The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded,they followed the crowd.When the songs were not ordered by rank,but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed,the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced.People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. 6.In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category,and the rankings are updated weekly.Icosystem,a company in Cambridge,Massachusetts,also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales. 7.And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet.Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers.Even in the privacy of your home,you can still be part of the swarm. Questions 1-6 Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 1.Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products. 2.In shops,products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________. 3.According to Mr.Usmani,with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon,a new method can be applied to encourage _______________. 4.On the way to everyday items at the back of the store,shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________. 5.If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high,other customers tend to follow them. 6.Using the “swarm-moves” model,shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.
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How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald’s in Europe A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004, the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers’ favourite enemy operates. B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly. C. 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In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company’s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”, where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends. H. Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe, it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company’s most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain. I. “Fixing Britain should be his priority,” says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants, but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible, says Mr Palmer. J. M.Mark Wiltamuth, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, estimates that European company-owned restaurants’ margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America’s 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin’s reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group’s top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob. Notes to Reading Passage 1 1.sterling高质量的 e.g. He has many sterling qualities. 他身上有许多优秀的品质。 2. menial 不体面的, 乏味的(工作、职业) 3. spruce up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰 4. mastermind指挥、谋划(一个计划或活动) e.g. The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是谁策划了那次抢劫。 5. underperform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本 Questions 1-6 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1. McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets. 2. Starting from last year, detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners. 3. France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe, but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market. 4. Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned. 5. According to David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS, David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing. 6. David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival. Questions 7-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet. 7. The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________. A. difficult B. menial C. terrible D. excellent 8. Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE? A. It tends to make people fat. B. Its operations are very vague. C. It tends to exploit workers. D. It tends to treat animals cruelly. 9. Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result? A. “Food Studio” scheme. B. “Open Door” visitor days. C. The “McPassport” scheme. D. The Nutrition Information Initiative. 10. What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends? A. set up a “Food Studio” . B. established a “Design Studio”. C. hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors. D. employed local bosses as much as possible. Questions 11-14 Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. 11. After January 2004, McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were …………………………. 12. Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to …………………………….. 13. Compared with other countries, France is McDonald’s ………………………. next to America. 14. ……………………. of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain.
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