Ifyoudonotfindtherequiredinformationusingthetipsfromtheprevioussection,thenyouneedtoconsultanonlineservicetofindthepieceofinformationyouwerelookingfor.Threedifferenttypesofserviceshavebeenestablishedovertheyears:crawlers,directoriesandmetasearchengines.Thefirstcrawlerwascreatedbackin1993.ItwascalledtheWorldWideWorm.Itcrawledfromonesitetothenextandindexedallpagesbysavingthecontentofthewebpagesintoahugedatabase.Crawlersorspidersvisitawebpage,readit,andthenfollowlinkstootherpageswithinthesiteandevenfollowlinkstoothersites.Webcrawlersreturntoeachsiteonaregularbasis,suchaseverymonthortwo,tolookforchanges.Everythingacrawlerfindsgoesintoadatabase,whichpeopleareabletoquery.TheadvantageofthewebcrawlersisthattheyhaveanextensivedatabasewithalmostthecompleteInternetindexedinit.Thedisadvantageisthatyougetthousandsofwebpagesasaresponseforalmostanyrequest.Webdirectoriesworkalittledifferently.Firstofalltheycontainastructuredtreeofinformation.Allinformationenteredintothistreeiseitherenteredbythewebmasterwhowantstoannouncehisnewwebpageorbythedirectorymaintainerwholooksatthewebpagessubmitted.ThedirectorieswherewebmasterscansubmitboththeURL(UniformResourceLocator)andthedescriptionnormallycontainmoremisleadinginformation.Gettingintomostwebdirectoriesisacombinationofluckandquality.Althoughanyoneisabletosubmitawebpage,thereisnoguaranteethatacertainpagewillbeincluded.Somedirectorieschargeforsubmission,whichisbasicallyarip-off.Somecrawlersmaintainanassociateddirectory.Ifyoursiteisinthedirectory,therankingofyourwebsitenormallywillbehigher,asitisalreadypre-classified.Manydirectoriesworkwithcrawlerstogether,inordertodeliverresults,whennothingcanbefoundinthedirectory.MetasearchenginesdonothaveadatabasewithURLsanddescriptions.Insteadtheyhaveadatabaseofsearchengines.Ifyouenteryourkeywordsintoametasearchengineitwillsendoutrequeststoallthedirectoriesandcrawlersithasstoredinitsdatabase.ThemetasearchengineswithamoresophisticatedapplicationinthebackgroundareabletodetectdoubleURLswhichcomebackfromthevarioussearchenginesandpresentonlyasingleURLtothecustomer.

34.Crawlerisakindof__________.

A.wormB.searchengineC.serviceD.directory

35.ThedisadvantageofCrawleristhatit__________.

A.providesacompletedatabase

B.takestoomuchtimetofindtheneededinformation

C.providestoomuchuselessinformation

D.givesresponsetoeveryquest

36.Whocaninputinformationtothewebdirectories?

A.Onlywebmasters.

B.Bothdirectorymaintainersandwebmasters.

C.Anyonewhowantstoannounceawebpage.

D.Anyonewhohasfoundanewwebpage.

你评定一种酒的好坏时用什么标准?(criteria)

交易;事务;处理n.t_______________

翻译：smartcards

翻译：algorithm