Ifyoudonotfindtherequiredinformationusingthetipsfromtheprevioussection,thenyouneedtoconsultanonlineservicetofindthepieceofinformationyouwerelookingfor.Threedifferenttypesofserviceshavebeenestablishedovertheyears:crawlers,directoriesandmetasearchengines.Thefirstcrawlerwascreatedbackin1993.ItwascalledtheWorldWideWorm.Itcrawledfromonesitetothenextandindexedallpagesbysavingthecontentofthewebpagesintoahugedatabase.Crawlersorspidersvisitawebpage,readit,andthenfollowlinkstootherpageswithinthesiteandevenfollowlinkstoothersites.Webcrawlersreturntoeachsiteonaregularbasis,suchaseverymonthortwo,tolookforchanges.Everythingacrawlerfindsgoesintoadatabase,whichpeopleareabletoquery.TheadvantageofthewebcrawlersisthattheyhaveanextensivedatabasewithalmostthecompleteInternetindexedinit.Thedisadvantageisthatyougetthousandsofwebpagesasaresponseforalmostanyrequest.Webdirectoriesworkalittledifferently.Firstofalltheycontainastructuredtreeofinformation.Allinformationenteredintothistreeiseitherenteredbythewebmasterwhowantstoannouncehisnewwebpageorbythedirectorymaintainerwholooksatthewebpagessubmitted.ThedirectorieswherewebmasterscansubmitboththeURL(UniformResourceLocator)andthedescriptionnormallycontainmoremisleadinginformation.Gettingintomostwebdirectoriesisacombinationofluckandquality.Althoughanyoneisabletosubmitawebpage,thereisnoguaranteethatacertainpagewillbeincluded.Somedirectorieschargeforsubmission,whichisbasicallyarip-off.Somecrawlersmaintainanassociateddirectory.Ifyoursiteisinthedirectory,therankingofyourwebsitenormallywillbehigher,asitisalreadypre-classified.Manydirectoriesworkwithcrawlerstogether,inordertodeliverresults,whennothingcanbefoundinthedirectory.MetasearchenginesdonothaveadatabasewithURLsanddescriptions.Insteadtheyhaveadatabaseofsearchengines.Ifyouenteryourkeywordsintoametasearchengineitwillsendoutrequeststoallthedirectoriesandcrawlersithasstoredinitsdatabase.ThemetasearchengineswithamoresophisticatedapplicationinthebackgroundareabletodetectdoubleURLswhichcomebackfromthevarioussearchenginesandpresentonlyasingleURLtothecustomer.

34.Crawlerisakindof__________.

A.wormB.searchengineC.serviceD.directory

35.ThedisadvantageofCrawleristhatit__________.

A.providesacompletedatabase

B.takestoomuchtimetofindtheneededinformation

C.providestoomuchuselessinformation

D.givesresponsetoeveryquest

36.Whocaninputinformationtothewebdirectories?

A.Onlywebmasters.

B.Bothdirectorymaintainersandwebmasters.

C.Anyonewhowantstoannounceawebpage.

D.Anyonewhohasfoundanewwebpage.

领土;领域，范围 n. d_______________

Relaxation therapy ( = treatment). If you read the sentence out loud, your blood pressure will go up. If you talk to another person, it will go still higher. If the talk is with your boss, your pressure will go even higher. If you speak to someone of the opposite sex, your pressure may show less change if you ’ re married than if you ’ re single. Dozens of times each day, your blood pressure changes with what you ’ re feeling and doing. These “ ups and downs” take place in everyone, but they are more severe in people with high blood pressure. That discovery is the basis for the newest therapy: controlling blood pressure by learning skills to control everyday stress. Many patients control their blood pressure with the relaxation response. This takes four simple things: a quiet environment, a comfortable position (sitting or lying down), the repeating of a word, prayer or phrase each time you breathe and having none of other thoughts. Something remarkable happens when you do this, according to research in Boston. Relaxation of the mind and body has the effect that some blood-p ressure pills would have. What ’ s more, the blood pressure stays lower, just as it would with a pill, after you have stopped the relaxation and have returned to the stress of daily life. 

31. The first paragraph tells us the reason why your blood pressure goes up is that__________. 

A. you read aloud a sentence

B. the man you talk to is your boss

C. you ’ re not married

D. you ’ re nervous

32. Which of the following statements is not true?

A. One ’ s blood pressure changes many times every day.

B. Your blood pressure changes with your feelings.

C. When you ’ re doing different things, your blood pressure, perhaps, is different.

D. The changes of blood pressure only happen to people with high blood pressure.

33. The last paragraph tells us relaxation therapy__________.

A. needs a new kind of medicine

B. has the same effect as blood-pressure pills

C. is more than blood-pressure pills

D. is working and can be improved

If you do not find the required information using the tips from the previous section, then you need to consult an online service to find the piece of information you were looking for. Three different types of services have been established over the years: crawlers, directories and meta search engines. The first crawler was created back in 1993. It was called the World Wide Worm. It crawled from one site to the next and indexed all pages by saving the content of the web pages into a huge database. Crawlers or spiders visit a web page, read it, and then follow links to other pages within the site and even follow links to other sites. Web crawlers return to each site on a regular basis, such as every month or two, to look for changes. Everything a crawler finds goes into a database, which people are able to query. The advantage of the web crawlers is that they have an extensive database with almost the complete Internet indexed in it. The disadvantage is that you get thousands of web pages as a response for almost any request. Web directories work a little differently. First of all they contain a structured tree of information. All information entered into this tree is either entered by the webmaster who wants to announce his new web page or by the directory maintainer who looks at the web pages submitted. The directories where webmasters can submit both the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and the description normally contain more misleading information. Getting into most web directories is a combination of luck and quality. Although anyone is able to submit a web page, there is no guarantee that a certain page will be included. Some directories charge for submission, which is basically a rip-off. Some crawlers maintain an associated directory. If your site is in the directory, the ranking of your web site normally will be higher, as it is already pre-classified. Many directories work with crawlers together, in order to deliver results, when nothing can be found in the directory. Meta search engines do not have a database with URLs and descriptions. Instead they have a database of search engines. If you enter your keywords into a meta search engine it will send out requests to all the directories and crawlers it has stored in its database. The meta search engines with a more sophisticated application in the background are able to detect double URLs which come back from the various search engines and present only a single URL to the customer.

34. Crawler is a kind of__________.

A. worm B. search engine C. service D. directory

35. The disadvantage of Crawler is that it__________.

A. provides a complete database

B. takes too much time to find the needed information

C. provides too much useless information

D. gives response to every quest

36. Who can input information to the web directories?

A. Only webmasters.

B. Both directory maintainers and webmasters.

C. Any one who wants to announce a web page.

D. Any one who has found a new web page.