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概述宋辽间的战与和,评价宋辽盟约

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正确答案:

(一)北宋与辽的和战

1、高梁河之役与雍熙北伐

太平兴国四年( 979 年),宋太宗领兵灭北汉后,乘胜进军幽州。北宋军队起初一路势如破竹,辽各州县长官纷纷投降。但宋军因连续作战疲乏,最后攻打幽外 I 城时,十五日不能下,辽名将耶律休哥带领骑兵来援, 在高梁河(今北京西直门外) 大败宋军。 雍熙三年(986年),宋太宗乘辽朝新君初立之机,又派三路大军北伐。东路军以曹彬为统帅,出瓦桥关,进军幽州;中路军以田重进为统帅,出飞狐口(在河北涞源北) ,攻打蔚州(河北蔚县) ;西军以潘美为统帅,杨业为副,出雁门,进取云中(山西大同) 。战争开始时,三路军队节节胜利。但因各军之间缺乏必要的协调,指挥不力,岐沟关(今河北涿州)一战大败,杨业负伤被俘、 绝食而死。雍熙北伐败。 高梁河与岐沟关两役失败后, 北宋放弃了收复幽云失地的计划,对辽采取消极防御的政策。

2、澶渊之盟

1004 年 9 月,辽圣宗及其母萧太后率二十万大军南下,入宋朝境内, 11 月在连破一些州城后,直抵澶州,直接威胁宋的都城开封。宋君臣震动。王钦若和陈尧叟主张迁都。宰相寇准和毕士安坚决主张真宗亲征。 经过激烈的争论, 真宗终于亲自出征, 前军用伏弩射死在阵前视察地形的辽军统帅,使辽军军心大为动摇, 辽遂决定与宋朝议和。双方协定:宋辽维持旧疆,双方约为兄弟之国,北宋每年给辽朝岁币白银 10 万两,绢 20 万匹。史称“澶渊之盟”。

(二)评价:

“澶渊之盟”是宋辽间势均力敌条件下的产物,宋辽开战以来,辽朝虽然连年南下侵扰北宋, 但并不具备没网北宋的绝对优势, 而北宋几次北上用兵, 要收复燕云十六州的目的也绝非能够轻易实现。

因此, 双方经过多年的军事较量而未分高下, 议和是双方的共同选择。 “澶渊之盟”后,宋辽间持续了长达百余年相对稳定的和平关系,不仅双方沿边州县的生产、 生活秩序渐趋安定, 社会经济很快发展起来, 而且彼此间的政治、 经济交往也日益密切起来。 这种友好交往促进了中原与边疆地区的经济文化交流, 也加快了中国北方边疆地区的开发。

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