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简述幼儿园与小学不衔接的原因。

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正确答案:

幼小不衔接的主要原因是幼儿园与小学阶段教育存在差异。

(1)学习时间不同。幼儿园每天有1小时左右的集体教学时间,小学每天有3~4小时的集体教学时间,较幼儿园多出3倍。

(2)生活制度不同。幼儿园强调各类活动的频繁交替,适合孩子好动和喜新厌旧的特点,而小学里只有体育课、音乐课、活动课等才能让孩子较自由地活动。

(3)教学方式不同。幼儿园里以游戏为主,孩子无作业负担,而小学要严格按照大纲实施教学,以学习为主,每天要完成一定数量的作业。

(4)睡眠时间不同。小学生的睡眠时间通常比幼儿园孩子的睡眠时间短。

(5)师生关系不同。幼儿园里随时都有教师或保育员伴随左右,及时解决孩子的困难。而小学里一个班有五六个课任教师,但每节课的任课老师基本上都不是同一个人,许多事情都要学生自主解决,而不是动不动就让老师帮忙。

(6)家长要求不同。对于上幼儿园的孩子,家长只要他们能吃好玩好就基本感到满足了。上小学以后,父母对孩子在学习成绩、能力培养等方面都有更高的要求。

以上这些差异将给孩子在生理和心理两个方面带来诸多不适应。

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Don't wash those fossils! Standard museum practice can wash away DNA. 1.Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA. 2.Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves, and freezing samples as they are found, dirt and all, concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today. 3.Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be.This information, they say, needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones. 4.Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947, and stored in a museum collection, or in 2004, and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC. 5.The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed.The newly excavated fossils, however, all yielded DNA. 6.Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the same conditions, the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl."As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3,200 years before," she says. Wash in, wash out 7.Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone, their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl explains. 8.The biggest problem is how they are cleaned.Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath, which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones."Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in," says Geigl. 9.Most ancient DNA specialists know this already, says Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.But that doesn't mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils. 10.Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators, says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.And that only occurs in exceptional cases, he says. 11.P bo's team, which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA, continually faces these problems."When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains, there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA," he says. 12.This doesn't mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed, notes P bo.The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab, for example, had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way.But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations — just in case. 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(640 words nature ) Glossary Palaeontologists 古生物学家 Aurochs 欧洲野牛 Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人,旧石器时代的古人类。 Permafrost (地理)永冻层 Questions 1-6 Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 1.How did people traditionally treat fossils? 2.What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done when fossils are found? 3.What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE. 4.What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed? 5.What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved? 6.The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers.How many of them are mentioned? Questions 7-11 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? 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