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Passage 4
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
Culture shock is an occupational disease (职业病) for people who have been
suddenly transplanted abroad.
Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar
signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs are as following: when to
shake hands and what to say when meet people, when and how to give tips, how to
make purchases, when to accept and refuse invitations, when to take statements
seriously and when not. These signs, which may be words, gestures, facial
expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up
and as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we
accept. All of us depend on hundreds of these signs for our peace of mind and
day-to-day efficiency, but we do not carry most at the level of conscious
awareness.
Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these
familiar signs are removed. No matter how broadminded or full of good will you
may be a series of supports have been knocked from under you, followed by a
feeling of frustration. When suffering from culture shock people first reject
the environment which caused discomfort. The ways of the host country are bad
because they make us feel bad. When foreigners in a strange land get together in
complain about the host country its people, you can be sure that they are
suffering from culture shock.
16. According to the passage, culture shock is .
A. an occupational disease of foreign people B. may lead to very serious
symptoms
C. actually not a disease D. incurable
17. According to the passage, culture shock result from .
A. the sudden change of social atmosphere and customs
B. the sudden change of our daily habits
C. the sudden loss of our own signs and symbols
D. the discomfort that we feel when faced with a foreigner
18. Which one of the following may not be a symptom of culture shock?
A. You don’t know how to express your gratitude.
B. You don’t know how to greet other people.
C. You suddenly forget what a word means.
D. You don’t understand why a foreigner shrugs.
19. According to the passage, how would a person who stays abroad most
probably react when he is frustrated by the culture shock?
A. He is most likely to refuse to absorb the strange environment at
first.
B. He is really to accept the change and adapt himself to the new
environment.
C. Although he takes the culture difference for granted, he still doesn’t
know how to do with it.
D. He may begin to hate the people or things around him.
20. The main idea of this passage is that .
A. culture shock is an occupational disease
B. culture shock is caused by the anxiety of living in a strange culture
C. culture shock has peculiar symptoms
D. it is very hard to cope with life in a new setting
Passage 3
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
About 70 million Americans are trying to loss weight. That is almost 1 out of
every 3 people in the United States. Some people go on ideas. This means they
eat less certain foods, especially fats and sugars. Other people exercise with
especial equipment, take diet pills, or even have surgery. Losing weight is hard
work, and it can also cost a lot of money. So why do so many people in the
United States want to lose weight?
Many people in the United States worry about not looking young and
attractive. For many people, looking good also means being thin. Other people
worry about their health. Many doctors say being overweight is not healthy. But
are Americans really fat? Almost 30 million Americans weight at least 20 percent
more than their ideal weight. In fact, the United State is the most overweight
country in the wild. “The stored fat of adult Americans weight 2.3 trillion
pounds,” says University of Massachusetts anthropologist (人类学家) George
Armelagos. He says burning off that stored energy would produce enough power for
900,000 cars to go 12,000 miles.
Losing weight is hard work, but most people want to find a fast and easy way
to take off fat. Bookstores sell lots of diet books. These books tell readers
how to lose weight. Each year, dozens of new books like these are written. Each
one boasts to help people to get rid of fat.
11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way of losing weight?
A. To eat less fats and sugars. B. To work hard.
12. Many Americans are trying to lose weight because .
A. they want to look attractive B. they are misled by doctors
C. they want to keep fit D. both A and C
13. The figures given in the second paragraph suggest that .
A. Americans are dependent on cars B. cars consume a lot of money
C. Americans need lose weight D. excess of fat can be a source of energy
14. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .
A. diet books are not always effective B. diet books are usually helpful
C. there are lots of ways of losing weight D. bookstores are keeping their
promises
15. It can be concluded from the passage that .
A. people think too much of their appearance
B. there is not a sure way of losing weight as yet
C. surgery is the fastest way of losing weight
D. going on diet is a safe way of losing weight
Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify moods and actions, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual’s behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the body’s changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.
Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secretion. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secret chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues. Bayliss and starling demonstrated that chemical integration could occur without participation of the nervous system.
The term “hormone” was first used with reference to secretion. Starling derived the term from the Greek hormone, meaning “to excite or set in motion. The term “endocrine” was introduced shortly thereafter “Endocrine” is used to refer to glands that secret products into the bloodstream. The term “endocrine” contrasts with “exocrine”, which is applied to glands that secret their products though ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secrets pancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless.
1.What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
A.To explain the specific functions of various hormones.
B.To provide general information about hormones.
C.To explain how the term “hormone” evolved.
D.To report on experiments in endocrinology.
2.The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
A.The human body requires large amounts of most hormones.
B.Synthetic hormones can replace a person’s natural supply of hormones if
necessary.
C.The quantity of hormones produced and their effects on the body are related
to a person’s age.
D.The short child of tall parents very likely had a hormone deficiency early
in life.
3.It can be inferred from the passage that before the Bayliss and Starling
experiments, most people believed that chemical integration occurred
only___.
A.during sleep.
B.in the endocrine glands.
C.under control of the nervous system.
D.during strenuous exercise.
4.The word “liberate” could best be replaced by which of the following?
A.Emancipate B.Discharge C.Surrender D.Save
5.According to the passage another term for exocrine glands is___.
A.duct glands
B.endocrine glands
C.ductless glands
D.intestinal glands.
Passage 2
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown tat 40 percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon.
Different cultures ate more prone to get certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives,
caused cancer. Yet these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives that we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of
this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
6. How has science done a disservice to mankind?
A. Because of science, most of the foods we eat today are contaminated.
B. It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.
C. As a result of scientific intervention, some potentially harmful
substances has been added to our food.
D. The scientists have preserved the color of meats, but not of
vegetables.
7. What are nitrates used for?
A. They preserves flavor in packaged foods.
B. They preserve the color of meats.
C. They are the objects of research.
D. They cause the animals to become fatter.
8. The FDA has tried repeatedly to control .
A. the attempt to fatten the animals
B. the attempt to cure sick animals
C. the using of drugs to animals
D. the using of additives to preserve the dolor of food
9. The word “carcinogenic” means most nearly the same as .
A. trouble-making B. color-retaining
C. money-saving D. cancer-causing
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.
B. Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some
are given to the living animals.
C. Researchers have known about the potential hazards of the food additives
for over thirty-five years.
D. Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world.
