在确定管理幅度时，在下列（）情况下管理幅度可能会小一些。
A、基层管理者BCD
基层管理者所进行的工作往往是日常管理工作，其重复性与类似性都较强，因此其管理幅度可以大一些。管理者的工作能力与领导能力都较弱，其管理幅度就应小一些;反之，管理幅度可以大一些。如果同一层次内信息传递的方式与渠道适宜，传递速度快，关系容易协调，其管理幅度就可大一些;反之，管理幅度就应小一些。如果管理者能够得到助手的有力协助，其管理幅度就可以大一些，如果没有有力的协助，其管理幅度就应小一些。
Moreandmorecompaniesareallowingemployeestoworkathome.Doyouthinkthisisapositiveornegativedevelopment?
FelicityLawrence
ThursdayDecember28,2006
TheGuardian
1.ConsumersaretobepresentedwithtworivalnewyearadvertisingcampaignsastheFoodStandardsAgencygoespublicinitsbattlewiththeindustryoverthelabellingofunhealthyfoods.
2.TheGuardianhaslearnedthattheFSAwilllaunchaseriesof10-secondtelevisionadvertsinJanuarytellingshoppershowtofollowared,amberandgreentrafficlightlabellingsystemonthefrontoffoodpacks,whichisdesignedtotackleBritain’sobesityepidemic.
3.Thecampaignisadirectresponsetoaconcertedattemptbyleadingfoodmanufacturersandretailers,includingKellogg’sandTesco,toderailthesystem.Theindustryfearsthattrafficlightswoulddemoniseentirecategoriesoffoodsandcouldseriouslydamagethemarketforthosethatarefatty,saltyorhighinsugar.
4.TheUKmarketforbreakfastcerealsisworth￡1.27bnayearandthemanufacturersfearitwillbeseverelydentedifredlightlabelsareputonpackagingdrawingattentiontothefactthatthemajorityarehighinsaltand/orsugar.
5.Theindustryisplanningamajormarketingcampaignforacompetinglabellingsystemwhichavoidscolour-codinginfavourofinformationaboutthepercentageof"guidelinedailyamounts"(GDAs)offat,saltandsugarcontainedintheirproducts.
6.Thebattleforthenation’sdietcomesasnewrulesontelevisionadvertisingcomeintoforceinJanuarywhichwillbaradvertsforunhealthyfoodsfromcommercialbreaksduringprogrammesaimedatchildren.SourcesattheTVregulatorsarebracedforalegalchallengefromtheindustryandhavedescribedthelobbyingeffortstoblockanynewadbanorcolour-codedlabellingas"themostferociouswe’veeverexperienced".
7.Ofcom’schiefexecutive,EdRichards,said:"Wearepreparedtofaceuptoanylegalactionfromtheindustry,butweverymuchhopeitwillnotbenecessary."TheFSAsaiditwasexpectinganonslaughtfromtheindustryinJanuary.SeniorFSAofficialssaidthemanufacturers’effortstoundermineitsproposalsonlabellingcouldthreatentheagency’scredibility.
8.TerrenceCollis,FSAdirectorofcommunications,dismissedclaimsthattheproposalswerenotbasedonscience."WehavesomeofthemostrespectedscientistsinEurope,bothwithintheFSAandinourindependentadvisorycommittees.ItisunjustifiedandnonsensicaltoattacktheFSA’sscientificreputationandtotrytoundermineitscredibility."
9.TheFSAisunderstoodtohavebriefeditsadagency,United,beforeChristmas,andwillaimtoairadsthatare"non-confrontational,humorousandfactual"asacounterweighttoindustry’seffortsaboutthesametime.Theagency,however,willhaveatinyfractionofthebudgetavailabletotheindustry.
10.GavinNeath,chairmanofUnileverUKandpresidentoftheFoodandDrinkFederation,hassaidthattheindustryhasmadeenormousprogressbutcouldnotacceptred"stop"signsonitsfood.
11.AlastairSykes,chiefexecutiveofNestléUK,saidthatundertheFSAproposalsallhiscompany’sconfectioneryandmostofitscerealswouldscoreared."Arewesayingpeopleshouldn’teatconfectionery?We’redrivenbyconsumersandwhattheywant,andmuchofwhatwedohasbeentomakeourproductshealthier,"hesaid.
12.ChrisWermann,directorofcommunicationsatKellogg’s,said:"Inprinciplewecouldneveraccepttrafficlightlabelling."
13.TherivallabellingschemeintroducedbyKellogg’s,Danone,Unilever,Nestlé,KraftandTescoandnowfavouredby21manufacturers,usesanindustry-devisedsystembasedonidentifyingGDAsofkeynutrients.TescosaysithastestedbothtrafficlightsandGDAlabelsinitsstoresandthatthelatterincreasedsalesofhealthierfoods.
14.ButtheFSAsaiditcouldnotlivewiththisGDAsystemalonebecauseitwas"notscientific"oreasyforshopperstounderstandataglance.
Questions1-6
AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.
1.Whenwillinstructionsbegivenonreadingthecolor-codedlabels?
2.Wherecancustomersfindtheredlightlabels?
3.WhatproblemistheFSAtryingtohandlewiththelabelingsystem?
4.Whichproductsellswellbutmaynotbehealthy?
5.Whatinformation,accordingtothemanufacturers,canbelabeledonproducts?
6.Whatcannotbeadvertisedduringchildren’sprogrammes?
Questions7-13
Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)withtheopinions(listed7-13)below.Writetheappropriateletter(A-E)forquestions1-7.
NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.
AEdRichard
BTerrenceCollis
CGavinNeath
DAlastairSykes
EChrisWermann
7.Generallywewillnotagreetousetheredlightlabels.
8.ItisunreasonabletodoubtifFSAistrustworthy.
9.Wearetryingtomeetourconsumers’needs.
10.Thefoodindustryhasbeenimprovinggreatly.
11.Thecolor-codedlabelingsystemisscientific.
12.OurproductswillbelabeledunhealthybytheFSA.
13.Wearereadytoconfrontthemanufacturers.
PerksandFitness:NoLongeraNicetybutaNecessity
Theredcolorcanstimulateallour____,includingappetite.
ThetermCFRshouldbefollowedby_____.
