当前位置:考试网  > 试卷库  > 外语类  > 大学英语  > 大学英语六级  > Inthelast12yearstotalemploymentintheUnitedStatesgrewfasterthanatanytimeinthepeacetimehistoryofanycountry–from82to110millionbetween1973and1985–thatis,byafullonethird.Theentiregrowth,however,wasinmanufacturing,andespeciallyinno–blue-collarjobs… Thistrendisthesameinalldevelopedcountries,andis,indeed,evenmorepronouncedinJapan.Itisthereforehighlyprobablethatin25yearsdevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanwillemploynolargeraproportionofthelaborforceInmanufacturingthandevelopedcountriesnowemployinfarming–atmost,10percent.TodaytheUnitedStatesemploysaround18millionpeopleinblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingindustries.By2010,thenumberislikelytobenomorethan12million.Insomemajorindustriesthedropwillbeevensharper.Itisquiteunrealistic,forinstance,toexpectthattheAmericanautomobileindustrywillemploymorethanone–thirdofitspresentblue-collarforce25yearshence,eventhoughproductionmightbe50percenthigher. Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesametimesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitive–oreventoremain“developed.”Theattempttopreservesuchblue–collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment… ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.WhatconfusestheissueevenmoreitthattheUnitedStatesisexperiencingseveralseparateanddifferentshiftsinthemanufacturingeconomy.Oneistheaccelerationofthesubstitutionofknowledgeandcapitalformanuallabor.Wherewespokeofmechanizationafewdecadesago,wenowspeakof“robotization“or“automation.”Thisisactuallymoreachangeinterminologythanachangeinreality.WhenHenryFordintroducedtheassemblylinein1909,hecutthenumberofman–hoursrequiredtoproduceamotorcarbysome80percentintwoorthreeyears–farmorethananyoneexpectstoresultfromeventhemostcompleterobotization.Butthereisnodoubtthatwearefacinganew,sharpaccelerationinthereplacementofmanualworkersbymachines–thatis,bytheproductsofknowledge. 1.Accordingtotheauthor,theshrinkageinthemanufacturinglaborforcedemonstrates______. A.thedegreetowhichacountry’sproductionisrobotized B.areductioninacountry’smanufacturingindustries C.aworseningrelationshipbetweenlaborandmanagement D.thedifferencebetweenadevelopedcountryandadevelopingcountry 2.Accordingtotheauthor,incoming25years,adevelopedcountryorindustry,inordertremaincompetitive,oughtto______. A.reducethepercentageoftheblue-collarworkforce B.preserveblue–collarjobsforinternationalcompetition C.acceleratemotor–canmanufacturinginHenryFord’sstyle D.solvetheproblemofunemployment 3.Americanpoliticiansandlaborleaderstendtodislike_____. A.confusioninmanufacturingeconomy B.anincreaseinblue–collarworkforce C.internalcompetitioninmanufacturingproduction D.adropintheblue–collarjobopportunities 4.Theword“prescription”in“aprescriptionforunemployment”maybetheequivalentto______ A.somethingrecommendedasmedicaltreatment B.awaysuggestedtoovercomesomedifficulty C.somemeasurestakeninadvance D.adevicetodire 5.Thispassagemayhavebeenexceptedfrom________ A.amagazineaboutcapitalinvestment B.anarticleonautomation C.amotor-carmagazine D.anarticleonglobaleconomy
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Inthelast12yearstotalemploymentintheUnitedStatesgrewfasterthanatanytimeinthepeacetimehistoryofanycountry–from82to110millionbetween1973and1985–thatis,byafullonethird.Theentiregrowth,however,wasinmanufacturing,andespeciallyinno–blue-collarjobs…

Thistrendisthesameinalldevelopedcountries,andis,indeed,evenmorepronouncedinJapan.Itisthereforehighlyprobablethatin25yearsdevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanwillemploynolargeraproportionofthelaborforceInmanufacturingthandevelopedcountriesnowemployinfarming–atmost,10percent.TodaytheUnitedStatesemploysaround18millionpeopleinblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingindustries.By2010,thenumberislikelytobenomorethan12million.Insomemajorindustriesthedropwillbeevensharper.Itisquiteunrealistic,forinstance,toexpectthattheAmericanautomobileindustrywillemploymorethanone–thirdofitspresentblue-collarforce25yearshence,eventhoughproductionmightbe50percenthigher.

Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesametimesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitive–oreventoremain“developed.”Theattempttopreservesuchblue–collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment…

ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.WhatconfusestheissueevenmoreitthattheUnitedStatesisexperiencingseveralseparateanddifferentshiftsinthemanufacturingeconomy.Oneistheaccelerationofthesubstitutionofknowledgeandcapitalformanuallabor.Wherewespokeofmechanizationafewdecadesago,wenowspeakof“robotization“or“automation.”Thisisactuallymoreachangeinterminologythanachangeinreality.WhenHenryFordintroducedtheassemblylinein1909,hecutthenumberofman–hoursrequiredtoproduceamotorcarbysome80percentintwoorthreeyears–farmorethananyoneexpectstoresultfromeventhemostcompleterobotization.Butthereisnodoubtthatwearefacinganew,sharpaccelerationinthereplacementofmanualworkersbymachines–thatis,bytheproductsofknowledge.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,theshrinkageinthemanufacturinglaborforcedemonstrates______.

A.thedegreetowhichacountry’sproductionisrobotized

B.areductioninacountry’smanufacturingindustries

C.aworseningrelationshipbetweenlaborandmanagement

D.thedifferencebetweenadevelopedcountryandadevelopingcountry

2.Accordingtotheauthor,incoming25years,adevelopedcountryorindustry,inordertremaincompetitive,oughtto______.

A.reducethepercentageoftheblue-collarworkforce

B.preserveblue–collarjobsforinternationalcompetition

C.acceleratemotor–canmanufacturinginHenryFord’sstyle

D.solvetheproblemofunemployment

3.Americanpoliticiansandlaborleaderstendtodislike_____.

A.confusioninmanufacturingeconomy

B.anincreaseinblue–collarworkforce

C.internalcompetitioninmanufacturingproduction

D.adropintheblue–collarjobopportunities

4.Theword“prescription”in“aprescriptionforunemployment”maybetheequivalentto______

A.somethingrecommendedasmedicaltreatment

B.awaysuggestedtoovercomesomedifficulty

C.somemeasurestakeninadvance

D.adevicetodire

5.Thispassagemayhavebeenexceptedfrom________

A.amagazineaboutcapitalinvestment

B.anarticleonautomation

C.amotor-carmagazine

D.anarticleonglobaleconomy

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Scatteredthroughtheseasoftheworldarebillionsoftonsofsmallplantsandanimalscalledplankton.Mostoftheseplantsandanimalsaretoosmallforthehumaneyetosee.Theydriftaboutlazilywiththecurrents,providingabasicfoodformanylargeranimals.Planktonhasbeendescribedastheequivalentofthegrassesthatgrowonthedrylandcontinents,andthecomparisonisanappropriateone.Inpotentialfoodvaluehowever,planktonfaroutweighsthatofthelandgrasses.Onescientisthasestimatedthatwhilegrassesoftheworldproduceabout49billiontonsofvaluablecarbohydrateseachyear.Thesea’splanktongeneratesmorethantwiceasmuch.

Despiteitsenormousfoodpotential,littleeffortwasmadeuntilrecentlytofarmplanktonaswefarmgrassesonland.Nowmarinescientistshaveatlastbeguntostudythispossibility,especiallyasthesea’sresourcesloomevenmoreimportantasameansoffeedinganexpandingworldpopulation.

Nooneyethasseriouslysuggestedthat“planktonburgers”maysoonbecomepopulararoundtheworld.Asapossiblefarmedsupplementaryfoodsource,however,planktonisgainingconsiderableinterestamongmarinescientists.

Onetypeofplanktonthatseemstohavegreatharvestpossibilitiesisatinyshrimplikecreaturecalledkrill.Growingtotwoorthreeincheslong,krillprovidethemajorfoodforthegiantbluewhale,thelargestanimalevertoinhabittheEarth.Realizingthatthiswhalemaygrow100feetandweigh150tonsatmaturity,itisnotsurprisingthateachonedevoursmorethanonetonofkrilldaily.

Krillswimaboutjustbelowthesurfaceinhugeschoolssometimesmileswide,mainlyinthecoldAntarctic.Becauseoftheirpinkcolor,theyoftenappearasasolidreddishmasswhenviewedfromashiporfromtheair.Krillareveryhighinfoodvalue.Apoundofthesecrustaceanscontainsabout460calories—aboutthesameasshrimporlobster,towhichtheyarerelated.

Ifthekrillcanfeedsuchhugecreaturesaswhales,manyscientistsreason,theymustcertainlybecontendersasnewfoodsourceforhumans.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestportraystheorganizationofthepassage?

A.Theauthorpresentstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofplanktonasafoodsource.

B.Theauthorquotespublicopiniontosupporttheargumentforfarmingplankton.

C.Theauthorclassifiesthedifferentfoodsourcesaccordingtoamountofcarbohydrate.

D.Theauthormakesageneralstatementaboutplanktonasafoodsourceandthenmovestoaspecificexample.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whyisplanktonregardedtobemorevaluablethanlandgrasses?

A.Itiseasiertocultivate.

B.Itproducesmorecarbohydrates.

C.Itdoesnotrequiresoil.

D.Itismorepalatable.

3.Whydoestheauthormention“planktonburgers”?

A.Todescribetheappearanceofonetypeofplankton.

B.Toillustratehowmuchplanktonawhaleconsumes.

C.Tosuggestplanktonasapossiblefoodsources.

D.Tocomparethefoodvaluesofbeefandplankton.

4.Whatismentionedasoneconspicuousfeatureofkrill?

A.Theyarethesmallestmarineanimals.

B.Theyarepinkincolor.

C.Theyaresimilarinsizetolobsters.

D.Theyhavegrasslikebodies.

5.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasreasonswhyplanktoncouldbeconsideredahumanfoodsourceexceptthatitis___.

A.highinfoodvalue.

B.inabundantsupplyintheoceans.

C.anappropriatefoodforotheranimals.

D.freeofchemicalsandpollutants.

Passage2

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Thefoodweeatseemstohaveprofoundeffectsonourhealth.Althoughsciencehasmadeenormousstepsinmakingfoodmorefittoeat,ithas,atthesametime,mademanyfoodsunfittoeat.Someresearchhasshowntat40percentofcancerisrelatedtothedietaswell,especiallycancerofthecolon.Differentculturesatemorepronetogetcertainillnessesbecauseofthefoodthatischaracteristicinthesecultures.Thatfoodisrelatedtoillnessisnotanewdiscovery.In1945,governmentresearchersrealizedthatnitratesandnitrites,commonlyusedtopreservecolorinmeats,andotherfoodadditives,causedcancer.Yetthesecarcinogenicadditivesremaininourfood,anditbecomesmoredifficultallthetimetoknowwhichthingsonthepackaginglabelsofprocessedfoodarehelpfulorharmful.Theadditivesthatweeatarenotallsodirect.Farmersoftengivepenicillintobeefandpoultry,andbecauseofthis,penicillinhasbeenfoundinthemilkoftreatedcows.Sometimessimilardrugsareadministeredtoanimalsnotformedicinalpurposes,butforfinancialreasons.Thefarmersaresimplytryingtofattentheanimalsinordertoobtainahigherpriceonthemarket.AlthoughtheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)hastriedrepeatedlytocontroltheseprocedures,thepracticescontinue.

6.Howhassciencedoneadisservicetomankind?

A.Becauseofscience,mostofthefoodsweeattodayarecontaminated.

B.Ithascausedalackofinformationconcerningthevalueoffood.

C.Asaresultofscientificintervention,somepotentiallyharmfulsubstanceshasbeenaddedtoourfood.

D.Thescientistshavepreservedthecolorofmeats,butnotofvegetables.

7.Whatarenitratesusedfor?

A.Theypreservesflavorinpackagedfoods.

B.Theypreservethecolorofmeats.

C.Theyaretheobjectsofresearch.

D.Theycausetheanimalstobecomefatter.

8.TheFDAhastriedrepeatedlytocontrol.

A.theattempttofattentheanimals

B.theattempttocuresickanimals

C.theusingofdrugstoanimals

D.theusingofadditivestopreservethedoloroffood

9.Theword“carcinogenic”meansmostnearlythesameas.

A.trouble-makingB.color-retaining

C.money-savingD.cancer-causing

10.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.Drugsarealwaysgiventoanimalsformedicalreasons.

B.Someoftheadditivesinourfoodareaddedtothefooditselfandsomearegiventothelivinganimals.

C.Researchershaveknownaboutthepotentialhazardsofthefoodadditivesforoverthirty-fiveyears.

D.Foodmaycausefortypercentofcancerintheworld.

Hetoldthestoryinsuchminutedetail________________(简直就像他亲眼看见一样).

翻译:

最近,一些地方大学开始将方言列为某些学生的必修课程,学生们要学习当地方言,然后被评分以作为毕业的依据之一。一方面,支持此种做法的人认为,将方言列为必修课可防止其消失,从而使当地传统文化和文化多样性得以弘扬,同时城市独特的个性得以保留。另一方面,反对此种做法的人争论说,当地学生与外地学生相比有很多绝对优势,因此将方言列为必修课会引起教育不公平的问题。而且,将方言列为必修课程还会引起一些其他问题,如教材使用、师资问题和考试标准等。在我看来,方言作为传统文化不可缺少的一部分和一种交流工具,可以让学生自愿学习和使用,而不是强制完成。

Directions:

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