Inthelast12yearstotalemploymentintheUnitedStatesgrewfasterthanatanytimeinthepeacetimehistoryofanycountry–from82to110millionbetween1973and1985–thatis,byafullonethird.Theentiregrowth,however,wasinmanufacturing,andespeciallyinno–blue-collarjobs…

Thistrendisthesameinalldevelopedcountries,andis,indeed,evenmorepronouncedinJapan.Itisthereforehighlyprobablethatin25yearsdevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanwillemploynolargeraproportionofthelaborforceInmanufacturingthandevelopedcountriesnowemployinfarming–atmost,10percent.TodaytheUnitedStatesemploysaround18millionpeopleinblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingindustries.By2010,thenumberislikelytobenomorethan12million.Insomemajorindustriesthedropwillbeevensharper.Itisquiteunrealistic,forinstance,toexpectthattheAmericanautomobileindustrywillemploymorethanone–thirdofitspresentblue-collarforce25yearshence,eventhoughproductionmightbe50percenthigher.

Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesametimesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitive–oreventoremain“developed.”Theattempttopreservesuchblue–collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment…

ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.WhatconfusestheissueevenmoreitthattheUnitedStatesisexperiencingseveralseparateanddifferentshiftsinthemanufacturingeconomy.Oneistheaccelerationofthesubstitutionofknowledgeandcapitalformanuallabor.Wherewespokeofmechanizationafewdecadesago,wenowspeakof“robotization“or“automation.”Thisisactuallymoreachangeinterminologythanachangeinreality.WhenHenryFordintroducedtheassemblylinein1909,hecutthenumberofman–hoursrequiredtoproduceamotorcarbysome80percentintwoorthreeyears–farmorethananyoneexpectstoresultfromeventhemostcompleterobotization.Butthereisnodoubtthatwearefacinganew,sharpaccelerationinthereplacementofmanualworkersbymachines–thatis,bytheproductsofknowledge.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,theshrinkageinthemanufacturinglaborforcedemonstrates______.

A.thedegreetowhichacountry’sproductionisrobotized

B.areductioninacountry’smanufacturingindustries

C.aworseningrelationshipbetweenlaborandmanagement

D.thedifferencebetweenadevelopedcountryandadevelopingcountry

2.Accordingtotheauthor,incoming25years,adevelopedcountryorindustry,inordertremaincompetitive,oughtto______.

A.reducethepercentageoftheblue-collarworkforce

B.preserveblue–collarjobsforinternationalcompetition

C.acceleratemotor–canmanufacturinginHenryFord’sstyle

D.solvetheproblemofunemployment

3.Americanpoliticiansandlaborleaderstendtodislike_____.

A.confusioninmanufacturingeconomy

B.anincreaseinblue–collarworkforce

C.internalcompetitioninmanufacturingproduction

D.adropintheblue–collarjobopportunities

4.Theword“prescription”in“aprescriptionforunemployment”maybetheequivalentto______

A.somethingrecommendedasmedicaltreatment

B.awaysuggestedtoovercomesomedifficulty

C.somemeasurestakeninadvance

D.adevicetodire

5.Thispassagemayhavebeenexceptedfrom________

A.amagazineaboutcapitalinvestment

B.anarticleonautomation

C.amotor-carmagazine

D.anarticleonglobaleconomy

PartVWriting

Directions:InthispartyouarerequiredtowriteanessayaboutSavingEnergiesandResources.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:

1、随着社会的发展，厉行节约越来越重要;

2、生活中许多方面都可以节约;

3、每个人都应该养成节约的好习惯。

Whatdoesthefutureholdfortheproblemofhousing?Agooddealdepends,ofcourse,onthemeaningof“future”.Ifoneisthinkingintermsofsciencefictionandthespaceage,itisatleastpossibletoassumethatmanwillhavesolvedsuchtrivialandearthlyproblemsashousing.Writersofsciencefiction,fromH.G.Wellsonwards,havehadlittletosayonthesubject.Theyhaveconveyedthesuggestionthatmenwillliveingreatcomfort,witheveryconceivableapparatustomakelifesmooth,healthyandeasy,ifnothappy.Buttheyhavenotsaidwhathishousewillbemadeof.Perhapssomenewbuildingmaterial,asyetunimagined,willhavebeendiscoveredorinventedatleast.Onemaybecertainthatbricksandmortar(泥灰，灰浆)willlonghavegoneoutoffashion.

Buttheproblemsofthenextgenerationortwocanmorereadilybeimagined.Scientistshavealreadypointedoutthatunlesssomethingisdoneeithertorestricttheworld’srapidgrowthinpopulationortodiscoveranddevelopnewsourcesoffood(orboth),millionsofpeoplewillbedyingofstarvationoratthebestsufferingfromunderfeedingbeforethiscenturyisout.Butnobodyhasyetworkedoutanyplanforhousingthesegrowingpopulations.Admittedlytheworstsituationswilloccurinthehottestpartsoftheworld,wherehousingcanbelightstructureorinbackwardareaswherestandardsaretraditionallylow.Buteventheminimumshelterrequiresmaterialsofsomekindandintheteeming,bulgingtownsthelow-standard“housing”offlattenedpetrolcansanddirtycanvasisfarmorewastefulofgroundspacethancanbetolerated.

Sincethewar,HongKonghassufferedthekindofcrisiswhichislikelytoariseinmanyotherplacesduringthenextgeneration.Literallymillionsofrefugeesarrivedtoswellthealreadygrowingpopulationandemergencystepshadtobetakenrapidlytopreventsqualor(肮脏)anddiseaseandthespreadcrime.Thecityistacklingthesituationenergeticallyandenormousblocksoftenements(贫民住宅)arerisingatanastonishingaped.ButHongKongisonlyonesmallpartofwhatwillcertainlybecomeavastproblemandnotmerelyahousingproblem,becausewhenpopulationgrowsatthisratethereareaccompanyingproblemsofeducation,transport,hospitalservices,drainage,watersupplyandsoon.NoteveryareamaygivethesameresourcesasHongKongtodrawuponandthesearchforquickerandcheapermethodsofconstructionmustnevercease.

1.Whatistheauthor’sopinionofhousingproblemsinthefirstparagraph?

A.Theymaybecompletelysolvedatsometimeinthefuture.

B.Theyareunimportantandeasilydealtwith.

C.Theywillnotbesolveduntilanewbuildingmaterialhasbeendiscovered.

D.Theyhavebeendealtwithinspecificdetailinbooksdescribingthefuture.

2.Thewriterissurethatinthedistantfuture___.

A.bricksandmortarwillbereplacedbysomeotherbuildingmaterial.

B.anewbuildingmaterialwillhavebeeninvented.

C.bricksandmortarwillnotbeusedbypeoplewhowanttheirhousetobefashionable.

D.anewwayofusingbricksandmortarwillhavebeendiscovered.

3.Thewriterbelievesthatthebiggestproblemlikelytoconfronttheworldbeforetheendofthecentury___.

A.isdifficulttoforesee.

B.willbehowtofeedtheevergrowingpopulation.

C.willbehowtoprovideenoughhousesinthehottestpartsoftheworld.

D.isthequestionoffindingenoughgroundspace.

4.Whenthewritersaysthattheworstsituationswilloccurinthehottestpartsoftheworldorinbackwardareas,heisreferringtothefactthatintheseparts___.

A.standardsofbuildingarelow.

B.onlyminimumshelterwillbepossible.

C.thereisnotenoughgroundspace.

D.thepopulationgrowthwillbethegreatest.

5.WhichofthefollowingsentencesbestsummarizesParagraph3?

A.HongKonghasfacedaseriouscrisiscausedbymillionsofrefugees.

B.HongKonghassuccessfullydealtwiththeemergencycausedbymillionsofrefugees.

C.HongKong’scrisiswasnotonlyamatterofhousingbutincludedanumberofotherproblemsofpopulationgrowth.

D.ManypartsoftheworldmayhavetofacethekindofproblemsencounteredbyHongKongandmayfinditmuchhardertodealwiththem.

Itisnotuncommonforthere_____problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.

Withoutregularsuppliesofsomehormonesourcapacitytobehavewouldbeseriouslyimpaired;withoutotherswewouldsoondie.Tinyamountsofsomehormonescanmodifymoodsandactions,ourinclinationtoeatordrink,ouraggressivenessorsubmissiveness,andourreproductiveandparentalbehavior.Andhormonesdomorethaninfluenceadultbehavior;earlyinlifetheyhelptodeterminethedevelopmentofbodilyformandmayevendetermineanindividual’sbehavioralcapacities.Laterinlifethechangingoutputsofsomeendocrineglandsandthebody’schangingsensitivitytosomehormonesareessentialaspectsofthephenomenaofaging.

Communicationwithinthebodyandtheconsequentintegrationofbehaviorwereconsideredtheexclusiveprovinceofthenervoussystemuptothebeginningofthepresentcentury.TheemergenceofendocrinologyasaseparatedisciplinecanprobablybetracedtotheexperimentsofBaylissandStarlingonthehormonesecretion.Thissubstanceissecretedfromcellsintheintestinalwallswhenfoodentersthestomach;ittravelsthroughthebloodstreamandstimulatesthepancreastoliberatepancreaticjuice,whichaidsindigestion.Byshowingthatspecialcellssecretchemicalagentsthatareconveyedbythebloodstreamandregulatedistanttargetorgansortissues.Baylissandstarlingdemonstratedthatchemicalintegrationcouldoccurwithoutparticipationofthenervoussystem.

Theterm“hormone”wasfirstusedwithreferencetosecretion.StarlingderivedthetermfromtheGreekhormone,meaning“toexciteorsetinmotion.Theterm“endocrine”wasintroducedshortlythereafter“Endocrine”isusedtorefertoglandsthatsecretproductsintothebloodstream.Theterm“endocrine”contrastswith“exocrine”,whichisappliedtoglandsthatsecrettheirproductsthoughductstothesiteofaction.Examplesofexocrineglandsarethetearglands,thesweatglands,andthepancreas,whichsecretspancreaticjuicethroughaductintotheintestine.Exocrineglandsarealsocalledductglands,whileendocrineglandsarecalledductless.

1.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthepassage?

A.Toexplainthespecificfunctionsofvarioushormones.

B.Toprovidegeneralinformationabouthormones.

C.Toexplainhowtheterm“hormone”evolved.

D.Toreportonexperimentsinendocrinology.

2.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingconclusions?

A.Thehumanbodyrequireslargeamountsofmosthormones.

B.Synthetichormonescanreplaceaperson’snaturalsupplyofhormonesifnecessary.

C.Thequantityofhormonesproducedandtheireffectsonthebodyarerelatedtoaperson’sage.

D.Theshortchildoftallparentsverylikelyhadahormonedeficiencyearlyinlife.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforetheBaylissandStarlingexperiments,mostpeoplebelievedthatchemicalintegrationoccurredonly___.

A.duringsleep.

B.intheendocrineglands.

C.undercontrolofthenervoussystem.

D.duringstrenuousexercise.

4.Theword“liberate”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

A.EmancipateB.DischargeC.SurrenderD.Save

5.Accordingtothepassageanothertermforexocrineglandsis___.

A.ductglands

B.endocrineglands

C.ductlessglands

D.intestinalglands.