当前位置:考试网  > 试卷库  > 外语类  > 雅思  > 阅读  > FelicityLawrence ThursdayDecember28,2006 TheGuardian 1.ConsumersaretobepresentedwithtworivalnewyearadvertisingcampaignsastheFoodStandardsAgencygoespublicinitsbattlewiththeindustryoverthelabellingofunhealthyfoods. 2.TheGuardianhaslearnedthattheFSAwilllaunchaseriesof10-secondtelevisionadvertsinJanuarytellingshoppershowtofollowared,amberandgreentrafficlightlabellingsystemonthefrontoffoodpacks,whichisdesignedtotackleBritain’sobesityepidemic. 3.Thecampaignisadirectresponsetoaconcertedattemptbyleadingfoodmanufacturersandretailers,includingKellogg’sandTesco,toderailthesystem.Theindustryfearsthattrafficlightswoulddemoniseentirecategoriesoffoodsandcouldseriouslydamagethemarketforthosethatarefatty,saltyorhighinsugar. 4.TheUKmarketforbreakfastcerealsisworth£1.27bnayearandthemanufacturersfearitwillbeseverelydentedifredlightlabelsareputonpackagingdrawingattentiontothefactthatthemajorityarehighinsaltand/orsugar. 5.Theindustryisplanningamajormarketingcampaignforacompetinglabellingsystemwhichavoidscolour-codinginfavourofinformationaboutthepercentageof"guidelinedailyamounts"(GDAs)offat,saltandsugarcontainedintheirproducts. 6.Thebattleforthenation’sdietcomesasnewrulesontelevisionadvertisingcomeintoforceinJanuarywhichwillbaradvertsforunhealthyfoodsfromcommercialbreaksduringprogrammesaimedatchildren.SourcesattheTVregulatorsarebracedforalegalchallengefromtheindustryandhavedescribedthelobbyingeffortstoblockanynewadbanorcolour-codedlabellingas"themostferociouswe’veeverexperienced". 7.Ofcom’schiefexecutive,EdRichards,said:"Wearepreparedtofaceuptoanylegalactionfromtheindustry,butweverymuchhopeitwillnotbenecessary."TheFSAsaiditwasexpectinganonslaughtfromtheindustryinJanuary.SeniorFSAofficialssaidthemanufacturers’effortstoundermineitsproposalsonlabellingcouldthreatentheagency’scredibility. 8.TerrenceCollis,FSAdirectorofcommunications,dismissedclaimsthattheproposalswerenotbasedonscience."WehavesomeofthemostrespectedscientistsinEurope,bothwithintheFSAandinourindependentadvisorycommittees.ItisunjustifiedandnonsensicaltoattacktheFSA’sscientificreputationandtotrytoundermineitscredibility." 9.TheFSAisunderstoodtohavebriefeditsadagency,United,beforeChristmas,andwillaimtoairadsthatare"non-confrontational,humorousandfactual"asacounterweighttoindustry’seffortsaboutthesametime.Theagency,however,willhaveatinyfractionofthebudgetavailabletotheindustry. 10.GavinNeath,chairmanofUnileverUKandpresidentoftheFoodandDrinkFederation,hassaidthattheindustryhasmadeenormousprogressbutcouldnotacceptred"stop"signsonitsfood. 11.AlastairSykes,chiefexecutiveofNestléUK,saidthatundertheFSAproposalsallhiscompany’sconfectioneryandmostofitscerealswouldscoreared."Arewesayingpeopleshouldn’teatconfectionery?We’redrivenbyconsumersandwhattheywant,andmuchofwhatwedohasbeentomakeourproductshealthier,"hesaid. 12.ChrisWermann,directorofcommunicationsatKellogg’s,said:"Inprinciplewecouldneveraccepttrafficlightlabelling." 13.TherivallabellingschemeintroducedbyKellogg’s,Danone,Unilever,Nestlé,KraftandTescoandnowfavouredby21manufacturers,usesanindustry-devisedsystembasedonidentifyingGDAsofkeynutrients.TescosaysithastestedbothtrafficlightsandGDAlabelsinitsstoresandthatthelatterincreasedsalesofhealthierfoods. 14.ButtheFSAsaiditcouldnotlivewiththisGDAsystemalonebecauseitwas"notscientific"oreasyforshopperstounderstandataglance. Questions1-6 AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer. 1.Whenwillinstructionsbegivenonreadingthecolor-codedlabels? 2.Wherecancustomersfindtheredlightlabels? 3.WhatproblemistheFSAtryingtohandlewiththelabelingsystem? 4.Whichproductsellswellbutmaynotbehealthy? 5.Whatinformation,accordingtothemanufacturers,canbelabeledonproducts? 6.Whatcannotbeadvertisedduringchildren’sprogrammes? Questions7-13 Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)withtheopinions(listed7-13)below.Writetheappropriateletter(A-E)forquestions1-7. NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce. AEdRichard BTerrenceCollis CGavinNeath DAlastairSykes EChrisWermann 7.Generallywewillnotagreetousetheredlightlabels. 8.ItisunreasonabletodoubtifFSAistrustworthy. 9.Wearetryingtomeetourconsumers’needs. 10.Thefoodindustryhasbeenimprovinggreatly. 11.Thecolor-codedlabelingsystemisscientific. 12.OurproductswillbelabeledunhealthybytheFSA. 13.Wearereadytoconfrontthemanufacturers.
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FelicityLawrence

ThursdayDecember28,2006

TheGuardian

1.ConsumersaretobepresentedwithtworivalnewyearadvertisingcampaignsastheFoodStandardsAgencygoespublicinitsbattlewiththeindustryoverthelabellingofunhealthyfoods.

2.TheGuardianhaslearnedthattheFSAwilllaunchaseriesof10-secondtelevisionadvertsinJanuarytellingshoppershowtofollowared,amberandgreentrafficlightlabellingsystemonthefrontoffoodpacks,whichisdesignedtotackleBritain’sobesityepidemic.

3.Thecampaignisadirectresponsetoaconcertedattemptbyleadingfoodmanufacturersandretailers,includingKellogg’sandTesco,toderailthesystem.Theindustryfearsthattrafficlightswoulddemoniseentirecategoriesoffoodsandcouldseriouslydamagethemarketforthosethatarefatty,saltyorhighinsugar.

4.TheUKmarketforbreakfastcerealsisworth£1.27bnayearandthemanufacturersfearitwillbeseverelydentedifredlightlabelsareputonpackagingdrawingattentiontothefactthatthemajorityarehighinsaltand/orsugar.

5.Theindustryisplanningamajormarketingcampaignforacompetinglabellingsystemwhichavoidscolour-codinginfavourofinformationaboutthepercentageof"guidelinedailyamounts"(GDAs)offat,saltandsugarcontainedintheirproducts.

6.Thebattleforthenation’sdietcomesasnewrulesontelevisionadvertisingcomeintoforceinJanuarywhichwillbaradvertsforunhealthyfoodsfromcommercialbreaksduringprogrammesaimedatchildren.SourcesattheTVregulatorsarebracedforalegalchallengefromtheindustryandhavedescribedthelobbyingeffortstoblockanynewadbanorcolour-codedlabellingas"themostferociouswe’veeverexperienced".

7.Ofcom’schiefexecutive,EdRichards,said:"Wearepreparedtofaceuptoanylegalactionfromtheindustry,butweverymuchhopeitwillnotbenecessary."TheFSAsaiditwasexpectinganonslaughtfromtheindustryinJanuary.SeniorFSAofficialssaidthemanufacturers’effortstoundermineitsproposalsonlabellingcouldthreatentheagency’scredibility.

8.TerrenceCollis,FSAdirectorofcommunications,dismissedclaimsthattheproposalswerenotbasedonscience."WehavesomeofthemostrespectedscientistsinEurope,bothwithintheFSAandinourindependentadvisorycommittees.ItisunjustifiedandnonsensicaltoattacktheFSA’sscientificreputationandtotrytoundermineitscredibility."

9.TheFSAisunderstoodtohavebriefeditsadagency,United,beforeChristmas,andwillaimtoairadsthatare"non-confrontational,humorousandfactual"asacounterweighttoindustry’seffortsaboutthesametime.Theagency,however,willhaveatinyfractionofthebudgetavailabletotheindustry.

10.GavinNeath,chairmanofUnileverUKandpresidentoftheFoodandDrinkFederation,hassaidthattheindustryhasmadeenormousprogressbutcouldnotacceptred"stop"signsonitsfood.

11.AlastairSykes,chiefexecutiveofNestléUK,saidthatundertheFSAproposalsallhiscompany’sconfectioneryandmostofitscerealswouldscoreared."Arewesayingpeopleshouldn’teatconfectionery?We’redrivenbyconsumersandwhattheywant,andmuchofwhatwedohasbeentomakeourproductshealthier,"hesaid.

12.ChrisWermann,directorofcommunicationsatKellogg’s,said:"Inprinciplewecouldneveraccepttrafficlightlabelling."

13.TherivallabellingschemeintroducedbyKellogg’s,Danone,Unilever,Nestlé,KraftandTescoandnowfavouredby21manufacturers,usesanindustry-devisedsystembasedonidentifyingGDAsofkeynutrients.TescosaysithastestedbothtrafficlightsandGDAlabelsinitsstoresandthatthelatterincreasedsalesofhealthierfoods.

14.ButtheFSAsaiditcouldnotlivewiththisGDAsystemalonebecauseitwas"notscientific"oreasyforshopperstounderstandataglance.

Questions1-6

AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

1.Whenwillinstructionsbegivenonreadingthecolor-codedlabels?

2.Wherecancustomersfindtheredlightlabels?

3.WhatproblemistheFSAtryingtohandlewiththelabelingsystem?

4.Whichproductsellswellbutmaynotbehealthy?

5.Whatinformation,accordingtothemanufacturers,canbelabeledonproducts?

6.Whatcannotbeadvertisedduringchildren’sprogrammes?

Questions7-13

Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)withtheopinions(listed7-13)below.Writetheappropriateletter(A-E)forquestions1-7.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

AEdRichard

BTerrenceCollis

CGavinNeath

DAlastairSykes

EChrisWermann

7.Generallywewillnotagreetousetheredlightlabels.

8.ItisunreasonabletodoubtifFSAistrustworthy.

9.Wearetryingtomeetourconsumers’needs.

10.Thefoodindustryhasbeenimprovinggreatly.

11.Thecolor-codedlabelingsystemisscientific.

12.OurproductswillbelabeledunhealthybytheFSA.

13.Wearereadytoconfrontthemanufacturers.

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正确答案:

1. 答案:(in) January

2. 答案:food packs/packaging

3. 答案:(Britain’s) obesity epidemic

4. 答案:(breakfast) cereals

5. 答案:guieline daily amounts/GDAs

6. 答案:unhealthy foods

7. 答案:E

8. 答案:B

9. 答案:D

10. 答案:C

11. 答案:B

12. 答案:D

13. 答案:A

答案解析:

暂无解析

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-----Wouldyoumindmyusingyourpen?

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Rogue theory of smell gets a boost

1.A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.

2.Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.

3.That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct.But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.

4."This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia.He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized."

5.Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain.This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.

6.But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well.Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs.And molecules with very different structures can smell similar.Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).

7.Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling.This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.

8.This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.

9.Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations."The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.

10.Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, "I didn't believe it".But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work.I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.

11.The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it.This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.

12.The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it.The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.

13.But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea."So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification.We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed."

14.Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis."At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations," he says."Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition." At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.

Questions 5-9

Complete the sentences below with words from the passage.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

5.The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.

6.Turin's company is based in ______.

7.Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.

8.Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.

9.According to Audrew Horsfield, it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur in human nose.

Don't wash those fossils!

Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.

1.Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.

2.Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves, and freezing samples as they are found, dirt and all, concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.

3.Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be.This information, they say, needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.

4.Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947, and stored in a museum collection, or in 2004, and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC.

5.The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed.The newly excavated fossils, however, all yielded DNA.

6.Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the same conditions, the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl."As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3,200 years before," she says.

Wash in, wash out

7.Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone, their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl explains.

8.The biggest problem is how they are cleaned.Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath, which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones."Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in," says Geigl.

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10.Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators, says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.And that only occurs in exceptional cases, he says.

11.P bo's team, which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA, continually faces these problems."When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains, there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA," he says.

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Warm and wet

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15.Better conservation methods, and a focus on fresh fossils, could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens, says Geigl.And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution.

(640 words nature )

Glossary

Palaeontologists 古生物学家

Aurochs 欧洲野牛

Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人,旧石器时代的古人类。

Permafrost (地理)永冻层

Questions 1-6

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4.What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed?

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Questions 7-11

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage.

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Questions 12-13

Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer.

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[B] The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.

[C] Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.

[D] Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.

13.The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests:

[A] the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past.

[B] the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered DNA.

[C] the pace at which DNA degrades.

[D] the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.

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TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontraictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

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给定资料: 1.2010年6月6日,《国家中长期人才发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)》由新华社受权全文播发。《人才规划》是我国第一个中长期人才发展规划,是当前和今后一个时期全国人才工作的指导性文件。制定并实施《人才规划》,是贯彻落实科学发展观、更好实施人才强国战略的重大举措,是在激烈的国际竞争中赢得主动的战略选择,对于加快我国经济发展方式转变、全面建设小康社会,具有重大意义。 《人才规划》提出,到2020年,我国人才发展的总体目标是:培养和造就规模宏大、结构优化、布局合理、素质优良的人才队伍,确立国家人才竞争比较优势,进入世界人才强国行列,为在本世纪中叶基本实现社会主义现代化奠定人才基础。 2.改革开放之初,随着党和国家工作的重心转移到社会主义现代化建设上来,经济社会发展对人才的需求急剧增长,人才问题日益突出。1978年12月,党的十一届三中全会之后,中央确立了"尊重知识、尊重人才"的国策,使大批知识分子和各类人才走上了经济建设的主战场。进入新世纪,国际国内形势的新变化,进一步把人才问题推到了国家发展的战略层面。 从国际看,经济全球化深入发展,科技进步突飞猛进,知识创新、科技创新、产业创新不断加速,以经济为基础、科技为先导的综合国力竞争日趋激烈,人才资源成为关系国家竞争力强弱的基础性、核心性、战略性资源。从国内看,中国进入全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的关键时期,经济社会发展要求与人才资源不足的矛盾日益突出,高层次和高技能人才严重短缺;人才结构不合理;人才管理体制、运行机制与市场经济体制不相适应等问题现实地提到党和国家的议事日程。 2000年,中央经济工作会议首次提出:"要制定和实施人才战略"。同年,党的十五届五中全会提出,要把培养、吸引和用好人才作为一项重大的战略任务切实抓好,努力建设一支宏大的、高素质的人才队伍。2001年发布的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划纲要》则专章提出"实施人才战略,壮大人才队伍"。这中国首次将人才战略确立为国家战略,将其纳入经济社会发展的总体规划和布局之中,使之成为其中一个重要组成部分。 2002年,面对中国加入WTO后的新形势,直面经济全球化和综合国力竞争,为保证建设有中国特色社会主基层实施人才强国战略义事业健康发展,中共中央、国务院制定下发了《2002-2005年全国人才队伍建设规划纲要》,首次提出了"实施人才强国战略",对新时期中国人才队伍建设进行了总体谋划,明确了当前和今后一个时期中国人才队伍建设的指导方针、目标任务和主要政策措施。该纲要可以说是对此前提出的国家人才战略的深化和系统展开。 3.2003年6月,中央成立了人才工作协调小组。此后,全国各省区市先后成立了人才工作领导或协调机构,并在党委组织部门普遍设立了人才工作机构。在改革实践中,通过贯彻党管人才原则,落实搞好统筹规划,坚持分类指导,注重整合力量,积极提供服务,实行依法管理的工作要求,创新具体制度、程序和方法,一个党委统一领导,组织部门牵头抓总,有关部门各司其职、密切配合,社会力量广泛参与的人才工作领导体制和运行机制初步建立,为人才强国战略的实施提供了坚强的领导和组织保证。 2003年12月,中共中央首次召开中央人才工作会议,下发了《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强人才工作的决定》,突出强调,实施人才强国战略是党和国家一项重大而紧迫的任务,并进一步明确了新世纪新阶段中国人才工作的重要意义、全面部署了人才工作的根本任务,制定了一系列有关方针政策。至2006年底,国有企业经营管理人才达475.6万人,事业单位管理人才达450.4万人。截至2006年,中国已有两院院士1402人,有突出贡献中青年专家5206人,享受政府特殊津贴专家15.4万人,百千万人才工程国家级人选总数3307人。目前,中国科技人力资源总量约为3500万人,居世界第1位,其中大学本科及以上学历者约为1450万人。2006年中国研究开发人员总量为142万人,仅次于美国,居世界第2位。仅2000-2005年期间,中国的研究开发人员增长了48%,研究开发科学家工程师总量增长了60.9%。 2007年,人才强国战略作为发展中国特色社会主义的三大基本战略之一,写进了中国共产党党章和党的十七大报告。由此,人才强国战略的实施进入了全面推进的新阶段。 4.人才强国战略的制定和实施,是党以邓小平理论和"三个代表"重要思想为指导,从当代世界和中国深刻变化着的实际出发,根据党和国家事业发展的迫切要求而作出的重大决策。人才强国战略作为一项国家的重大战略,有着丰富而深刻的科学内涵。人才强国战略的提出和实施,解决了中国人才资源发展的指导思想、方针原则、战略目标与重大问题,为中国人力资源开发提供了思想保证、组织保证和制度保证,是改革开放30年来中国经济社会科学发展鸿篇巨制中的一个壮丽篇章。 5.人才强国战略的核心是"人才兴国"。国家兴盛,人才为本。依靠人才兴邦,走人才强国之路,大力提升国家核心竞争力和综合国力,是人才强国战略的核心要义,概言之就是"人才兴国"。这里,"强国",是指增强国力、振兴国家,即大力提升国家核心竞争力和综合国力。人才强国战略的目标指向是建设"现代化强国"。作为国家发展战略,人才强国战略必须与国家发展的战略目标保持一致和协调,为实现这一目标提供人才保证和智力支持。进入新世纪,中国现代化建设的总体目标是,到2020年实现全面小康,到本世纪中叶基本实现现代化,把中国建设成为富强民主文明和谐的社会主义国家。在这个意义上,建设全面小康社会和现代化强国,也是中国到2020年和到本世纪中叶实施人才强国战略的目标。 6.人才强国战略的工作重心是建设"人才资源强国",充分发挥人才的作用。全面建设小康社会和实现中华民族的伟大复兴,都必须有"人才资源强国"作支撑,充分发挥人才的作用。因此,大力实施人才强国战略的工作重心应当落在"人才资源强国"的建设和充分发挥人才的作用上,要调动各方面的积极性,通过各种途径,大力开发人才资源,加快中国从人口大国向人才资源强国转变的进程,努力造就一支规模宏大、素质优良、结构合理、活力旺盛,既能满足中国经济社会发展需要,又能参与国际竞争的人才大军,为实现新世纪我国经济社会发展的宏伟目标提供坚强有力的人才保证。 7.中国是人力资源大国,但还不是人才资源强国。因此,建设一支宏大的高素质的人才队伍,是实施人才强国战略的重要基础和前提,也是人才强国战略的重要组成部分。新中国成立以来,特别是改革开放以来,中国人力资源开发成效显著,初步形成了一支数量可观的人才队伍。但这支队伍无论在数量上,还是在整体素质上,都不能完全适应人才强国战略的需要。世界现代化的成功经验表明,人才资源的快速增长是现代化建设的最直接、最重要的推动力量。这一经验及中国人才队伍的现状,要求在实施人才强国战略中,必须实行人力资源开发先导模式,大力开发人力资源,切实提高人才资源的整体素质。必须真正树立人才资源是第一资源的观念,把开发人力资源、提高人才资源的整体素质摆在各项工作的首位,高度重视,常抓不懈。要加大教育和培养的投入力度,切实提高教育经费和培训经费的使用效率。要继续改革教育和培训体制,树立大教育、大培训观念,建立学习型社会,学习型组织,学习型社区,使教育和培训系统真正做到早出人才、多出人才、出高质量人才。 20世纪70年代以来,随着科学技术的迅猛发展、产业结构的不断升级和管理科学水平的不断提高,一场世界性的人才争夺战日趋激烈。在这场人才争夺战中,中国一度处于被动和不利的地位,导致人才资源的大量流失。例如,从1978年到2002年底,中国出国留学人员共有58万人,截止目前,累计回国的只有15万多,只占出国留学人员总数的25.86%。加入WTO前后,中国出现第三次人才外流高峰。为政之道,重在得人。在日趋激烈的国际人才竞争中,中国必须尽快扭转被动和不利的局面,想方设法留住人才。为此,要从管理体制、政策法规、社会环境、舆论氛围、创业条件、薪酬待遇和后勤保障等方面,构建吸引人才和留住人才的强磁场,使中国的各行各业都成为相关人才施展才华、报效祖国、实现人生价值 的大舞台。 目前,中国人才资源结构存在严重的不合理现象,表现在:(1)专业结构不合理:长线专业人才较多,信息、金融、财会、外贸、法律、高新技术和复合型人才普遍短缺,特别是熟悉并善于运用世贸组织规则的人才,更是凤毛麟角。(2)能级结构不合理:初中级人才较多,高级人才总量严重不足。(3)产业分布不合理,如第一产业科技人才严重短缺,第三产业内部人才结构也明显失衡。(4)行业分布不合理,如企业中的专业技术人员比例过低,仅占35%,而美国从事科技开发的科学家、工程师80.8%在企业,英国为61.4%。(5)地区分布不合理,如西部地区专业技术人才的密度(每万人口中的人才数量)仅为225人,而东部地区为302人,高级人才85%集中在东中部地区,其中绝大多数集中在大中城市。(6)所有制间的分布不合理,如全国专业技术人才总量的74%集中在国有单位,非国有单位专业技术人才之和仅为26%。因此,必须按照统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放的要求,大力调整和优化人才资源结构,实施人才资源的战略性重组,有效盘活人才资源存量,改进人才资源增量结构,使人才资源的宏观结构适应产业结构高级化的需要,适应经济、社会与环境协调发展的需要。 人才问题,说到底,是人才资源管理体制的问题。有了科学合理的人才资源管理体制,不仅能够使优秀人才脱颖而出,而且能够充分发挥人才资源的作用。近些年,中国通过深化干部人事制度改革,在搞活用人机制方面迈出了较大步伐,取得了明显成效。但从总体来说,科学的人才选拔任用机制和监督管理机制尚未完全建立起来为此,一要建立健全客观、公正的人才资源评价体系和评价机制,为人才资源的科学管理提供准确的依据。评价人才,主要从两个角度:一是评估绩效,二是测评能力。评估绩效是为了奖惩,测评能力是为了选人用人,二者不能混淆,否则,必然造成管理上的负效应。二要建立能力主义的管理体制和竞争机制,为充分发挥人才的作用搭建宽广的舞台。所谓能力主义管理体制,即唯有能者宜在其位。它是由三个系统有机组合而成,即公正评价系统、公正待遇系统和能力开发系统。在能力主义管理中,以公正评价为基础,对人才给予公正待遇。这里的待遇,包括职位、工资福利和荣誉等。经过评价,如果一个人有弱项或不足,则进入能力开发系统,进行培训和提高。很显然,能力主义管理具有鲜明的优点: (1)能够比较客观、公正地评价人的能力,为能者上,平者让,庸者下提供科学依据; (2)能够充分发挥人的才能,避免或减少人才资源的浪费; (3)将人才的使用与开发有机结合,不断提高人才资源的素质和能力,确保人才在较长的时间内持续发挥作用。 三要建立更为科学的分配机制和激励机制,做到内部具有公平性,外部具有竞争力。建立科学的分配机制和激励机制,既能够消除人才的后顾之忧,又能够激发人才奋发向上,积极创业,为全面建设小康社会,实现社会主义现代化作出更大贡献。 8.当今时代,科学技术是第一生产力,人才资源是第一资源。国以才兴,业以才旺。人才强国战略正是党和国家面对新世纪、新阶段的发展任务和时代挑战提出的一项重大战略。 全面贯彻落实科学发展观,建设创新型国家,构建社会主义和谐社会,推进社会主义现代化建设,不断开创中国特色社会主义新局面,确保中国在复杂多变的世界中始终保持战略主动地位,客观要求党和国家必须实施人才强国战略。要实施人才强国战略必须解放思想,更新观念。要充分认识到,在各种资源中,人才资源是第一资源,人才的数量、质量、结构和作用的发挥,直接关系到国家、地区和企事业的兴盛衰亡。要尊重人才、爱惜人才,将人才问题置于各项工作的中心位置。要认识到人才有优点,也有缺点,要用其所长,避其所短;要为人才提供用武之地,减少和消除人才的后顾之忧;人才有价,既要重视精神激励,更要重视物质激励;要因需设岗,因岗择人,因能授职,小才不可大用,大才也不可小用;要将人才的使用与开发有机结合起来。只有克服陈腐落后的思想观念,真正树立起现代人才观,才能为实施人才强国战略奠定科学的思想基础。要鼓励出国留学人员回国工作、为国服务,进一步做好吸引、聘用境外高级专门人才工作。实施出国留学政策,是中国改革开放基本国策的一个重要方面。改革开放之初,党和国家就决定派出留学人员,充分表明党和国家始终是将人才队伍建设摆在社会主义现代化建设全局之中的。对于一时没有能力或能力不足的专业领域,向发达国家派出留学生,借助发达国家的力量加快培养。这一政策的实施,取得了巨大成效,对社会主义现代化建设的顺利推进发挥了巨大作用。在充分认识出国留学工作取得的成绩的基础上,着眼国家发展需要,要继续坚持"支持留学、鼓励回国、来去自由"的出国留学工作方针,为中国公民出国留学提供便利的服务。要深刻认识出国留学人员是国家宝贵的人才资源,积极吸引留学人员回国工作,鼓励留学人员以多种方式为国服务。要探索建立有效的吸引留学人才工作机制和工作载体,加快构建留学人员回国服务体系,加大留学人员创业园建设力度。继续推进"春晖计划"等吸引留学人员回国工作、为国服务的工作。与此同时,要进一步重视做好引进国外智力工作,充分发挥高等学校、国家科研院所等在集聚高层次人才方面的战略高地作用,努力吸引、聘用更多的境外高级专门人才。 要在全社会弘扬尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的良好风气。实施人才强国战略,加强各对专业人才进行表彰奖励方面人才队伍建设,需要各级党委、政府和社会各界的共同努力。一个重要的方面,就是要在全党全社会形成尊重人才的社会风气。这就不仅需要对科学人才的尊重,尤其重要的是要尊重生产劳动第一线的技能型人才,真正形成科学的人才观,尊重一切有一技之长人才的劳动、知识、创造。只有这样,才能够在全社会形成学习光荣、劳动光荣、创造光荣的观念,引导社会各界人士共同形成有利于人才发挥聪明才智的社会氛围。各级政府应当从当地实际出发,认真解决影响人才队伍建设的认识问题、舆论问题、制度机制问题,把弘扬尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的良好风气作为践行"三个代表"重要思想、全面贯彻落实科学发展观、实施人才强国战略的重要工作。 9.《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》于2010年10月18日中国共产党第十七届中央委员会第五次全体会议通过。《建议》指出,"十二五"时期是全面建设小康社会的关键时期,是深化改革开放、加快转变经济发展方式的攻坚时期。深刻认识并准确把握国内外形势新变化新特点,科学制定"十二五"规划,对于继续抓住和用好我国发展的重要战略机遇期、促进经济长期平稳较快发展,对于夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利、推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业,具有十分重要的意义。《建议》提出,深入实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略,加快建设创新型国家。推动我国经济发展更多依靠科技创新驱动,必须全面落实国家中长期科技、教育、人才规划纲要,大力提高科技创新能力,加快教育改革发展,发挥人才资源优势,为加快转变经济发展方式、实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标奠定坚实的科技和人力资源基础。《建议》提出,建设人才强国。坚持党管人才原则,坚持服务发展、人才优先、以用为本、创新机制、高端引领、整体开发的指导方针,加强现代化建设需要的各类人才队伍建设,充分发挥国内人才作用,积极引进和用好海外高层次人才。建立健全政府宏观管理、市场有效配置、单位自主用人、人才自主择业的体制机制,形成多元化投入格局,明显提高人力资本投资比重。营造尊重人才的社会环境、平等公开和竞争择优的制度环境,促进优秀人才脱颖而出。改进人才管理方式,实国家重大人才政策,抓好重大人才工程,推动人才事业全面发展。 作答要求: (一)认真阅读"给定资料",简要分析我国人才强国战略的内涵 (二)目前,我国人才使用与培养存在哪些问题?请结合这些问题,请你谈谈我国实施才强国战略的建议。
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