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简述政事堂的演变过程及前后政事堂的不同

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唐代宰相议政的办事场所叫政事堂。在唐代初年唐太宗在位时,尤其重视门下省的谏议封驳职能。所以政事堂设在门下省,唐高宗时又移至中书省,到唐玄宗时,改 政事堂为中书门下,称中书门下政事堂。 中书门下政事堂和以前的门下政事堂、中书政事堂相比,在体制上有以下不同。首先,唐初宰相多为兼职,除三省长官外,还以其品级较低的官员加上“参与朝政” “同中书门下三品”等名号,让其进入政事堂分任宰相之事,以削弱三省长官的权力。这些兼职宰相上午在政事堂议政,下午回本署办公。中书门下政事堂则不同, 凡挂衙“同三品”或“同平章事”者均为专职宰相,不再回本署办公。其次,中书门下政事堂在正厅之后设吏、枢机、兵、户、刑五房,对口指挥尚书六部,使宰相 的办事机构逐渐完备。第三,中书门下体制存在着宰相权力的分散和集中两种倾向。中书门下体制原来是一种分散相权的集体宰相制,但宰相中的首席宰相号称“执 政事笔”会因受皇帝宠信而擅权。唐肃宗时,鉴于李林甫,杨国忠专权的教训,实行诸宰相十日一轮流秉笔承旨的制度,唐德宗时实行宰相一日一值守。北宋也延续 这种制度。

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