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new weapon to fight cancer
1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to
fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common
cold.
2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar
alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer,
while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.
3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has
been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will
lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was
excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques.
4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working
with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy
tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more
effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.
5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the
body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system
wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very
good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You
can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."
6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They
replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they
infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.
7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours
resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they
may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite
different to anything we’ve had before."
8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells
and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals.
American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but
this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread
throughout the body.
9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s
immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do
- spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle
has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream
without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way.
10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a
polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.
11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies
do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the
copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.
12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called
metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour
appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant
cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.
13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials:
adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which
causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety
reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but
Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.
14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be
delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment
is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of
trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the
therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be
examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments,
Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading
passage? For questions 1-6 write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating
side-effects.
2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the
virus therapy.
3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.
4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a
tumor and replicate.
5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into
the tumor.
6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to
treat drug-resistant tumors.
Question 7-9
Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each
answer.
7.Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be
found
(A) on TV
(B) in magazines
(C) on internet
(D) in newspapers
8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to
(A) change the body’ immune system
(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.
(C) increase the amount of injection
(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.
9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies
(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.
(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.
(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.
(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.
Questions 10-13
Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You
can only use each word once.
NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them
all.
In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and
vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These
uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on
human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be
……13……to the treatment of certain cancers
1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another
"Earth" among the stars.
2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from
the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm.
3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first
instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any
such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid
water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist
involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men".
4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European
Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will
monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514
miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six
different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every
512 seconds.
5. "At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of
planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable
planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men,"
Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since
its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.
6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find "rocky planets that could
develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent
star, they could have water".
7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of
starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a "transit".
Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10
years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid
water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.
8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to
detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the
rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth -
which will cause the most excitement. Scientists expect to find between 10 and
40 of these smaller planets.
9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic
waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called
"asteroseismology".
10. The nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a star’s
precise mass, age and chemical composition.
11. "A planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light
from that star. Small oscillations of the star also produce changes in the light
emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured
internally. This data will provide a major boost to our understanding of how
stars form and evolve," Prof Roxburgh said.
12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first "exoplanet" - a planet orbiting
a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based
observatories.
13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the
"wobble" their gravity imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets
bigger than Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour
life.
14. In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five
interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but
analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.
15. At around the same time, the US space agency, Nasa, will launch
Terrestrial Planet Finder, another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like
planets.
Choose the appropriate letter from A-D for question 1.
1. Corot is an instrument which
(A) can help to search for certain planets
(B) is used to find planets in the orbit
(C) can locate planets with human beings
(D) can spot any planets with water.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading
passage? For questions 2-5 write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contraicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
2. Scientists are trying to find out about the planets that can be
inhabited.
3. BBC Radio 4 recently focuses on the broadcasting of Corot.
4. Passing objects might cause a fall in light.
5. Corot can tell whether there is another Earth-like planet.
Based on your reading of the passage, complete the sentences below with words
taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
With measurements, scientists will be able to search for some gaseous and
rocky planets. They will be extremely excited if they can discover some small 6.
__________, the expected number of which could be up to 7. __________ .
Corot will enable scientists to study the 8. __________ of stars. In this
way, a star’s mass, age and chemical composition can be calculated.
According to Prof Roxburgh, changes in light can be caused by passing planets
or star 9. __________. The related statistics can gain us a better 10.
__________ of the star formation and evolvement.
Observatories have found many exoplanets, which are 11. __________ other
stars than the Sun. The common way used in finding exoplanets can only detect
huge gas planets, which do not 12. ___________ .
With the launching of Darwin, astronomers will be able to analyse whether
those rocky planets have 13. __________ for life.
