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论述演讲的基本特点。

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正确答案:

(1)现实性

演讲属于现实性的传播沟通方式,而不属于艺术活动范畴。从演讲反映的对象来看,它反映的是现实的真实,而不是艺术的真实。从演讲者的活动来看,演讲者是现实中的自己,发表的是自己的主张和见解,而不是扮演角色的主张和意见。从表现形式来看,演讲是以口头语言的“讲”为主,以体态语言的“演”为辖,“演”只是“讲”的一种辅助手段。

(2)时空性

首先,演讲的内容切合时代潮流,反映时代特征,属于时代声音;其次,演讲须在特定的时间里进行,时间的长短应视演讲内容和听众的接受限度而决定;最后,演讲在一定的空间条件下进行,演讲者需要面对听众,使听众看得见、听得清。

(3)艺术性

演讲虽然不属于艺术活动,但它却讲究艺术性。演讲的艺术性体现在语言美感、形象美感、音乐美感等主要方面。演讲的语言美感是闪光的思想、敏捷的才智和浓烈感情的高度统一。应该具有:相声般的幽默,小说般的形象,戏剧般的冲突,诗歌般的激情。形象美感体现为:根据演讲主题的需要和听众的审美需要,使服饰自然、大方、得体,使辅助语言更能传情达意,使体态语言更富有启发性和感召力。音乐美感表现为:根据思想感情的需要对声音的高低升降(声调)、轻重强弱(节奏)、快慢缓急(语速)的巧妙处理,使声音不但清晰、圆润、宏亮,而且抑扬顿挫,变化有致。

(4)整体性

演讲是由语言系统、声音系统、表演系统、主体形象系统和时空环境系统等要素所构成的综合传播实践活动,并且是这些系统要素的有机结合而表现出来的综合语言艺术。

(5)协调性

演讲的各个构成系统或构成要素不仅应该为实现演讲目的而发挥各自的作用,而且更应该默契配合、协调一致,不能过分强调或突出某一个系统而压抑或贬低另一系统。

(6)应变性

演讲过程中,演讲者运用有声语言和体态语言向听众传递信息,并且通过与听众的目光交流收集反馈信息。为了增强演讲的效果,应该根据现场的情况或听众的反应,在原来准备的基础之上,审时度势地对演讲内容、结构、语言、姿态以及时间的长短作出适当的调整。

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