Thevisitorsplannedto________________(花最少的时间游览公园以外的地方).

PartIVTranslation

Itwouldhavebeendifficultforthemtoavoidtheconclusionthatthehorseandmulepopulationwoulddeclinerapidly.(PassageFour)

Withoutregularsuppliesofsomehormonesourcapacitytobehavewouldbeseriouslyimpaired;withoutotherswewouldsoondie.Tinyamountsofsomehormonescanmodifymoodsandactions,ourinclinationtoeatordrink,ouraggressivenessorsubmissiveness,andourreproductiveandparentalbehavior.Andhormonesdomorethaninfluenceadultbehavior;earlyinlifetheyhelptodeterminethedevelopmentofbodilyformandmayevendetermineanindividual’sbehavioralcapacities.Laterinlifethechangingoutputsofsomeendocrineglandsandthebody’schangingsensitivitytosomehormonesareessentialaspectsofthephenomenaofaging.

Communicationwithinthebodyandtheconsequentintegrationofbehaviorwereconsideredtheexclusiveprovinceofthenervoussystemuptothebeginningofthepresentcentury.TheemergenceofendocrinologyasaseparatedisciplinecanprobablybetracedtotheexperimentsofBaylissandStarlingonthehormonesecretion.Thissubstanceissecretedfromcellsintheintestinalwallswhenfoodentersthestomach;ittravelsthroughthebloodstreamandstimulatesthepancreastoliberatepancreaticjuice,whichaidsindigestion.Byshowingthatspecialcellssecretchemicalagentsthatareconveyedbythebloodstreamandregulatedistanttargetorgansortissues.Baylissandstarlingdemonstratedthatchemicalintegrationcouldoccurwithoutparticipationofthenervoussystem.

Theterm“hormone”wasfirstusedwithreferencetosecretion.StarlingderivedthetermfromtheGreekhormone,meaning“toexciteorsetinmotion.Theterm“endocrine”wasintroducedshortlythereafter“Endocrine”isusedtorefertoglandsthatsecretproductsintothebloodstream.Theterm“endocrine”contrastswith“exocrine”,whichisappliedtoglandsthatsecrettheirproductsthoughductstothesiteofaction.Examplesofexocrineglandsarethetearglands,thesweatglands,andthepancreas,whichsecretspancreaticjuicethroughaductintotheintestine.Exocrineglandsarealsocalledductglands,whileendocrineglandsarecalledductless.

1.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthepassage?

A.Toexplainthespecificfunctionsofvarioushormones.

B.Toprovidegeneralinformationabouthormones.

C.Toexplainhowtheterm“hormone”evolved.

D.Toreportonexperimentsinendocrinology.

2.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingconclusions?

A.Thehumanbodyrequireslargeamountsofmosthormones.

B.Synthetichormonescanreplaceaperson’snaturalsupplyofhormonesifnecessary.

C.Thequantityofhormonesproducedandtheireffectsonthebodyarerelatedtoaperson’sage.

D.Theshortchildoftallparentsverylikelyhadahormonedeficiencyearlyinlife.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforetheBaylissandStarlingexperiments,mostpeoplebelievedthatchemicalintegrationoccurredonly___.

A.duringsleep.

B.intheendocrineglands.

C.undercontrolofthenervoussystem.

D.duringstrenuousexercise.

4.Theword“liberate”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

A.EmancipateB.DischargeC.SurrenderD.Save

5.Accordingtothepassageanothertermforexocrineglandsis___.

A.ductglands

B.endocrineglands

C.ductlessglands

D.intestinalglands.

Passage2

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Therearetwokindsofmemory:shot-termandlong-term.Informationinlong-termmemorycanberememberedatalatertimewhenitisneeded.Theinformationmaybekeptfordaysorweeks.However,informationoverandover.Thefollowingexperimentshowshowshort-termmemoryhasbeenstudied.

HenningstudiedhowstudentswhoarelearningEnglishasasecondlanguageremembervocabulary.Thesubjectsinhisexperimentwere75collegestudents.TheyrepresentedalllevelsofabilityinEnglish:beginning,intermediate,andnative-speakingstudents.

Tobegin,thesubjectslistenedtoarecordingofanativespeakerreadingaparagraphinEnglish.Followingtherecording,thesubjectstooka15-questiontesttoseewhichwordstheyremembered,eachquestionhadfourchoices.Thesubjectshadtocirclethewordtheyhadheardintherecording.Someofthequestionshadfourchoicesthatsoundalike.Forexample,weather,whether,wither,andwetterarefourwordsthatsoundalike.Someofthequestionshadfourchoicesthathavethesamemeaning.Method,way,manner,andsystemwouldbefourwordswiththesamemeaning.Finallythesubjectstookalanguageproficiencytest.

HenningfoundthatstudentswithalowerproficiencyinEnglishmademoreoftheirmistakesonwordsthatsoundalike;studentswithahigherproficiencymademoreoftheirmistakesonwordsthathavethesamemeaning.Henning’sresultssuggestthatbeginningstudentsholdthesoundofwordsintheirshort-termmemory,andadvancedstudentsholdthemeaningofwordsintheirshort-termmemory.

6.Henningmadetheexperimentinordertostudy.

A.howstudentsrememberEnglishvocabularybyshort-termmemory

B.howstudentslearnEnglishvocabulary

C.howtodevelopstudents’abilityinEnglish

D.howlonginformationinshort-termmemoryiskept

7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Informationinshort-termmemoryisdifferentfromthatinlong-termmemory.

B.Long-termmemorycanbeachievedonlybytraining.

C.Itiseasiertotestshort-termmemorythanlong-termmemory.

D.Henninggaveaseparatetestonvocabularytohisstudents.

8.FromHenning’sresultwecanseethat.

A.beginnershavedifficultydistinguishingthepronunciationofwords

B.advancedstudentsrememberwordsbytheirmeaning

C.itisdifficulttorememberwordsthatsoundalike

D.itisdifficulttorememberwordsthathavethesamemeaning

9.Theword“subjects”inthepassagemeans.

A.memoryB.thethemeoflisteningmaterial

C.abranchofknowledgestudiedD.thestudentsexperimentedon

Thissickmanwas_____inablanket.