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Insomecountrieswhereracialprejudiceisacute,violencehassocometobetakenforgrantedasameansofsolvingdifferences,thatitisnotevenquestioned.Therearecountrieswherethewhitemanimposeshisrulebybruteforce;therearecountrieswheretheblackmanprotestsbysettingfiretocitiesandbylootingandpillaging.Importantpeopleonbothsides,whowouldinotherrespectsappeartobereasonablemen,getupandcalmlyargueinfavorofviolence–asifitwerealegitimatesolution,likeanyother.Whatisreallyfrightening,whatreallyfillsyouwithdespair,istherealizationthatwhenitcomestothecrunch,wehavemadenoactualprogressatall.Wemaywearcollarsandtiesinsteadofwar-paint,butourinstinctsremainbasicallyunchanged.Thewholeoftherecordedhistoryofthehumanrace,thattediousdocumentationofviolence,hastaughtusabsolutelynothing.Wehavestillnotlearntthatviolenceneversolvesaproblembutmakesitmoreacute.Thesheerhorror,thebloodshed,thesufferingmeannothing.Nosolutionevercomestolightthemorningafterwhenwedismallycontemplatethesmokingruinsandwonderwhathitus.Thetrulyreasonablemenwhoknowwherethesolutionsliearefindingitharderandherdertogetahearing.Theyaredespised,mistrustedandevenpersecutedbytheirownkindbecausetheyadvocatesuchapparentlyoutrageousthingsaslawenforcement.Ifhalftheenergythatgoesintoviolentactswereputtogooduse,ifoureffortsweredirectedatcleaninguptheslumsandghettos,atimprovingliving-standardsandprovidingeducationandemploymentforall,wewouldhavegonealongwaytoarrivingatasolution.Ourstrengthissappedbyhavingtomopupthemessthatviolenceleavesinitswake.Inawell-directedeffort,itwouldnotbeimpossibletofulfilltheidealsofastablesocialprogramme.Thebenefitsthatcanbederivedfromconstructivesolutionsareeverywhereapparentintheworldaroundus.Genuineandlastingsolutionsarealwayspossible,providingweworkwithintheframeworkofthelaw.Beforewecanevenbegintocontemplatepeacefulco-existencebetweentheraces,wemustappreciateeachother'sproblems.Andtodothis,wemustlearnaboutthem:itisasimpleexerciseincommunication,inexchanginginformation."Talk,talk,talk,"theadvocatesofviolencesay,"allyoueverdoistalk,andwearenonethewiser."It'sratherlikethestoryofthefamousbarristerwhopainstakinglyexplainedhiscasetothejudge.Afterlisteningtoalengthyargumentthejudgecomplainedthatafterallthistalk,hewasnonethewiser."Possible,mylord,"thebarristerreplied,"nonethewiser,butsurelyfarbetterinformed."Knowledgeisthenecessaryprerequisitetowisdom:theknowledgethatviolencecreatestheevilsitpretendstosolve.
1.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?
[A]AdvocatingViolence.
[B]ViolenceCanDoNothingtoDiminishRacePrejudice.
[C]ImportantPeopleonBothSidesSeeViolenceAsaLegitimateSolution.
[D]TheInstinctsofHumanRaceAreThirstyforViolence.
2.Recordedhistoryhastaughtus
[A]violenceneversolvesanything.[B]nothing.[C]thebloodshedmeansnothing.[D]everything.
3.Itcanbeinferredthattrulyreasonablemen
[A]can'tgetahearing.
[B]arelookeddownupon.
[C]arepersecuted.
[D]Havedifficultyin
advocatinglawenforcement.
4."Hewasnonethewiser"means
[A]hewasnotatallwiseinlistening.
[B]Hewasnotatallwiserthannothingbefore.
[C]Hegainsnothingafterlistening.
[D]Hemakesnosenseoftheargument.
5.Accordingtheauthorthebestwaytosolveraceprejudiceis
[A]lawenforcement.[B]knowledge.[C]nonviolence.[D]Moppinguptheviolentmess.
BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretation,migrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpreindustrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside;migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspillover.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglishDtheywouldratherhavestayedhomeDbytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.Secondly,Bailynholdsthat,contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericahistorytextbooks,therewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.Forexample,theeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn'sthirdpropositionsuggesttwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservants,anothercametoacquireland.Surprisingly,Bailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantswerethedrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.ThesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopreindustrialNorthAmerica.Atfirst,thousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730's,however,Americanemployersdemandedskilledartisans.Finally,Bailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartofanAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperiphery,asBailyndoes,devaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue,asBailynclaims,thathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland,wherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws,builtadistinguisheduniversity,andpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.However,theideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolution,hefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheypassedupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus,itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebegan,amongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.
1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaissupportedbyinformationinthetext
[A]AlargerpercentageofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericacameasindenturedservantsthanasfreeagentsinterestedinacquiringland.
[B]Migrantswhocametothecoloniesasindenturedservantsweremoresuccessfulatmakingalivelihoodthanwerefarmersandartisans.
[C]MigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaweremoresuccessfulatacquiringtheirownlandduringtheeighteenthcenturythanduringtheseventeenthcentury.
[D]Bythe1730's,migrantsalreadyskilledinatradewereinmoredemandbyAmericanemployersthanwereunskilledlaborers.
2.TheauthorofthetextstatesthatBailynfailedto
[A]GivesufficientemphasistotheculturalandpoliticalinterdependenceofthecoloniesandEngland.
[B]DescribecarefullyhowmigrantsofdifferentethnicbackgroundspreservedtheircultureintheUnitedStates.
[C]TakeadvantageofsocialresearchontheexperiencesofcolonistswhomigratedtocolonialNorthAmericaspecificallytoacquireland.
[D]RelatetheexperienceofthemigrantstothepoliticalvaluesthateventuallyshapedthecharacteroftheUnitedStates.
3.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor'sevaluationofBailyn'sfourthproposition
[A]Itistotallyimplausible.
[B]Itispartiallyacceptable.
[C]Itishighlyadmirable.
[D]Itiscontroversialthoughpersuasive.
4.Accordingtothetext,BailynandtheauthoragreeonwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecultureofcolonialNewEngland
[A]HighcultureinNewEnglandneverequaledthehighcultureofEngland.
[B]TheculturalachievementsofcolonialNewEnglandhavegenerallybeenunrecognizedbyhistorians.
[C]ThecolonistsimitatedthehighcultureofEngland，anddidnotdevelopaculturethatwasuniquelytheirown.
[D]ThesoutherncoloniesweregreatlyinfluencedbythehighcultureofNewEngland.
5.TheauthorofthetextwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutBailyn'swork
[A]BailynunderestimatestheeffectsofPuritanthoughtonNorthAmericanculture.
[B]BailynoveremphasizestheeconomicdependenceofthecoloniesonGreatBritain.
[C]Bailyn'sdescriptionofthecoloniesaspartofanAnglo-Americanempireismisleadingandincorrect.
[D]BailynfailedtotesthispropositionsonaspecificgroupofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmerica.
ReadingComprehension
Passage1
Languagesaremarvelouslycomplexandwonderfullycomplicatedorgansofculture.Theyembodythequickestandthemostefficientmeansofcommunicatingwithintheirrespectiveculture.Tolearnaforeignlanguageistolearnanotherculture.Inthewordsofapoetandphilosopher,“Asmanylanguagesasonespeaks,somanylivesonelives.”Acultureanditslanguagesareasinseparableasbrainandbody;whileoneisapartoftheother,neithercanfunctionwithouttheother.Inlearningaforeignlanguage,thebestbeginningiswiththenon-verballinguisticelementsofthelanguage,itsgestures,itsbodylanguage.EyecontactisextremelyimportantinEnglish.Directeyecontactleadstounderstanding,or,astheEnglishmaxim(格言)hasit,seeingeye-to-eye.Wecanneverseeeye-to-eyewithanativespeakerofEnglishuntilwehavelearnedtolookEnglishisspoken
3.Accordingtothispassage,gesturesare________.
A.non-verbalaswellasnon-linguistic
B.verbalandlinguistic
C.non-verbalbutneverthelesslinguistic
D.verbalbutneverthelessnon-linguistic
4.“Asmanylanguagesasonespeaks,somanylives”means________.
A.ifoneleansmanyforeignlanguages,onewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhisownlanguage
lifeisricherandmoreinterestingifoneknowsseverallanguages
nomatterhowmanylanguagesoneknows,onecanneverknowmorethanone’sownculture
ifapersonspeaksonlyonelanguage,hewillliveaveryhappylife
5.Oneofthefollowingwhichisnotsynonymouswiththeothersis_______.
A.signsB.gesturesC.maximsD.bodylanguage
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexcept“I’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.”Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner,“ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy.”Theownersays,“It’sbeenlikethatforyears.”Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:“Idon’twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan’tyou?”Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedofexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.
Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays“No!”toaserialsofchargeslike“You’redumb,”“You’relazy,”and“You’redishonest,”mayalsosay“No!”andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis“Andyou’regoodlooking.”
Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords,“Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,”canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.
1.Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartners,if___.
A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas.
B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings.
C.theytrytounderstandeachother’sideasbeyondwords.
D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords.
2.“I’mlettingoffsomesteam”inparagraph1means___.
A.I’mjustcallingyourattention.
B.I’mjustkidding.
C.I’mjustsayingtheopposite.
D.I’mjustgivingoffsomesound.
3.Thehouse-owner’sexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans___.
A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears.
B.hedoesn’tthinkitnecessarytofixthestep.
C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault.
D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared.
4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,butarejustifiableif___.
A.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness.
B.seenasone’shabitualpatternofbehavior.
C.takenaspartofanorderingsequence.
D.expressedtoaseriesofcharges.
5.Theword“ritualistically”inthelastparagraphequalssomethingdone___.
A.withouttrueintention.
B.light-heartedly.
C.inawayofceremony.
D.withlessemphasis.
